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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Terbium-doped colloidal photonic crystal

Nikolai V. Gaponenko, V. M. Shelekhina, O. A. Prokhorov, Aleksander P. Stupak, Sergey V. Gaponenko

Published Jun 28, 2001• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Sol-gel process is shown as a promising synthetic route to develop the 3D photonic crystals doped with the optically active terbium. Using silica and Tb-doped titania sols the colloidal crystal with photonic stop band ranging from 480 to 550 nm have been developed, thus fitting the 5D4 yields 7F6 and 5D4 yields 7F5 transition of Tb3+ ions. Pronounced inhibition of optical transitions of Tb3+ ions was observed. The structures fabricated are considered as promising probes to examine the influence of photonic stop band on modification of the spontaneous emission spectra of phosphors.

DOI
10.1117/12.431260

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Sol-gel process is shown as a promising synthetic route to develop the 3D photonic crystals doped with the optically active terbium. Using silica and Tb-doped titania sols the colloidal crystal with photonic stop band ranging from 480 to 550 nm have been developed, thus fitting the 5D4 yields 7F6 and 5D4 yields 7F5 transition of Tb3+ ions. Pronounced inhibition of optical transitions of Tb3+ ions was observed. The structures fabricated are considered as promising probes to examine the influence of photonic stop band on modification of the spontaneous emission spectra of phosphors.
SiO 2 inverse opals made with LaF 3:Tb 3+ nanoparticles were fabricated. The spontaneous emission lifetime of the 5 D 4 → 7 F 4 transition of Tb 3+ ions at 542 nm embedded in the SiO 2 inverse opal structure was determined. In contrast to an average lifetime of 2.8 ms in photonic crystals when the photoluminescence of the Tb 3+ envelop was located outside the photonic stop band, a lifetime of 4.0 ms was observed when the Tb 3+ photoluminescence fully overlaps with the photonic stop band in the inverse opal. The obtained results demonstrate that the photonic structure affects the spontaneous emission significantly, resulting in a 40% increase of the luminescence lifetime of Tb 3+ ions. In other words, the density of optical states is reduced at the emission frequency of Tb 3+ (i.e., 542 nm) which reduces the radiative rate constant.
Photonic crystals based on silica colloidal crystals (artificial opals) exhibit pronounced stopbands for electromagnetic wave propagation and the corresponding modification of the photon density of states in the visible range. These spectrally selective features can be enhanced by impregnating opals with higher refractive materials like, e.g., polymers. Doping of these structures with dye molecules, semiconductor nanoparticles (quantum dots), and rare-earth ions provides a possibility to examine the challenging theoretical predictions of the inhibited spontaneous emission in photonic bandgap (PBG) materials. First experiments are discussed in which pronounced modification of spontaneous emission spectra and noticeable changes in decay kinetics were observed.
Summary form only given: Amplification in rare-earth doped solid state planar optical structures has attracted a lot of interest in recent years due to the fact that the rare earth ions show sharp absorption and emission bands and relatively long luminescence lifetimes. In particular the erbium (Er) ion is very attractive because of its intra 4f-transition from the first excited state to the ground state around 1.53 mum (4I13/2-4I15/2). The main problem of the erbium doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs) is that high values of the Er3+concentration are required to reach high gain figures in a compact length, but in this way the concentration quenching effects become very considerable and detrimental to the optical gain, since they reduce the population in the first excited state. A good solution to overcome this dramatic drawback is to consider erbium doped photonic crystal amplifier (EDPCA). In fact the small group velocity of electromagnetic eigenmodes brings about the enhancement of stimulated emission if the photonic crystals are doped by active media as the rare earth ions E3+r or Yt3+. This phenomenon originates from the long interaction time between radiation field and the matter caused by the small group velocity near the edge of the photonic band gap. The efficient confinement of light is achievable not only by tuning the input signal at the band edge of the gap of the photonic crystal but it is also obtainable by introducing local defects inside photonic crystals. The density of electromagnetic states inside a cavity is significantly modified and the spontaneous emission of atoms in a cavity can be either enhanced or inhibited. Erbium doped silica-titania one-dimensional photonic crystal microcavities have been analyzed by solving the erbium rate equations and the Maxwell equations by means of an auxiliary differential equation finite difference time domain technique. Since the performance of optical amplifiers depends on the populations of the energy levels participating in radiative transitions, determined principally by the distribution and concentration of the rare-earth ions and by the pumping conditions, the relations between these parameters and the transmittance of the EDPCMA have been studied
We have observed strongly modified spontaneous-emission spectra from laser dye in photonic crystals made of inverse opals in titania (TiO2).({\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}).(TiO2​). We identify stop bands with large relative widths of 1515%,15 comparable to the dyes' emission spectrum, and 7575%75 attenuation of the emission strength. For a wide range of angles, two stop bands are simultaneously manifested; their angle-dependent frequencies display an avoided crossing that is corroborated by reflectivity experiments. The edges of the stop bands agree well with band-structure calculations, but differ from simple Bragg diffraction as a result of multiple wave coupling. The strongly reduced dispersion of the Bloch modes likely causes a significant change in the density of states.