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Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics

Optical absorption intensities and quantum counter action of Er3+ in yttrium gallium garnet

J.R. Chamberlain, A C Everitt, John W. Orton

Published Feb 1, 1968• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The intensities of optical absorption spectra of Er 3+ in single crystals of yttrium gallium garnet at 700 °K have been shown to fit Judd's theory of 4f-4f transitions with the following parameters: T 2 = 1·44 × 10 -21 s, T 4 = 1·12 × 10 -21 s, T 6 = 1·42 × 10 -21 s. These have been used to estimate Einstein coefficients useful in a discussion of the quantum efficiency of the fluorescence from the 4 S 3/2 state, and the efficiency of infra-red quantum counter action in the material. For pure spontaneous radiation an efficiency of 71% for transitions to the 4 I 15/2 ground state is expected. The quantum efficiency has also been directly measured and a value of 12% was obtained. This is lower owing to competing phonon processes. Using the experimental value for the quantum efficiency, and the above values of T , a theoretical photon gain for quantum counter action of 0·55 × 10 -8 has been calculated.

DOI
10.1088/0022-3719/1/1/318

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Chinese Physics•Apr 1, 2000•5 citations
The intensities of optical absorption spectra of Er 3+ in single crystals of yttrium gallium garnet at 700 °K have been shown to fit Judd's theory of 4f-4f transitions with the following parameters: T 2 = 1·44 × 10 -21 s, T 4 = 1·12 × 10 -21 s, T 6 = 1·42 × 10 -21 s. These have been used to estimate Einstein coefficients useful in a discussion of the quantum efficiency of the fluorescence from the 4 S 3/2 state, and the efficiency of infra-red quantum counter action in the material. For pure spontaneous radiation an efficiency of 71% for transitions to the 4 I 15/2 ground state is expected. The quantum efficiency has also been directly measured and a value of 12% was obtained. This is lower owing to competing phonon processes. Using the experimental value for the quantum efficiency, and the above values of T , a theoretical photon gain for quantum counter action of 0·55 × 10 -8 has been calculated.
Temperature dependence of an enhanced excited state absorption was investigated in erbium-doped garnet crystals using 787.3 and 787.8 nm laser diodes. The enhanced absorption was obtained at temperature ranges of 15–570 K, 15–420 K, and 15–1200 K in a yttrium aluminum garnet, a yttrium scandium gallium garnet, and a lutetium aluminum garnet, respectively. Absorption peaks corresponding to both the I1615/2−I49/2 and the I1613/2−I211/2 transitions of Er3+ in garnets were shifted from those for 300 K at high temperature. The enhanced absorption weakened at high temperature because an absorption cross section from the I413/2 level to the H211/2 level decreased due to the shift of the absorption peaks. It has been confirmed that a mechanism of the enhanced absorption can be explained by calculating the rate equations based on an analytical model for a five-level system of the Er3+ ion. It is suggested that the enhanced absorption weakened at temperatures lower than 12 K because the number of phonons decreased due to low temperature.
This paper considers the mechanisms whereby the addition of Yb 3+ enhances the efficiency of quantum counter action in Er 3+ doped LiYF 4 . The particular scheme chosen for this investigation is the doubling scheme in which two photons of wavelength close to 9800 Å excite green fluorescence from the Er 3+ ion. The important factors which have been identified are that the influence of an increase of Yb 3+ concentration on the quantum efficiency of the 4 S 3/2 to 4 I 15/2 fluorescence is very much less than an equivalent increase in the Er 3+ concentration, the absorption coefficient of the Yb 3+ in the 9800 Å region is over an order of magnitude larger than that for Er 3+ and the efficiency of the transfer of energy from Yb 3+ to Er 3+ is sufficiently high to ensure the energy absorbed by the Yb 3+ is transferred to the Er 3+ . The optimum concentration has been found to be in the region of 2% Er 3+ : 18% Yb 3+ doped LiYF 4 .
Measurements are presented of the optical properties and strength of quantum counter action in Er3+-doped SrF2 which demonstrate the validity of a simple rate equation theory of quantum counter action. This analysis is used to assess the quantum counter as a potential narrow band infra-red detector. An extension of the theory to the case of modulated input radiation is shown to provide a method for measuring lifetimes of excited states which may not be accessible by conventional techniques, e.g. non-fluorescent levels. Some results obtained by this method are reported.
Optical absorption and emission spectra are used to determine the energy levels of the 5I8^{5}I_{8}5I8​ ground state and 5I7^{5}I_{7}5I7​ excited state of Ho3+{\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}Ho3+ in diamagnetic yttrium gallium garnet (YGaG) and ferrimagnetic yttrium iron garnet (YIG). The results for YGaG are consistent with the D2{D}_{2}D2​ site symmetry of the dodecahedral site in the garnet structure. Energy levels in YIG which are separated by site inequivalency are identified from spectra observed as the Fe3+{\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}Fe3+ magnetization is rotated in the (11‾01\overline{1}0110) plane. Stimulated emission is observed from Ho3+{\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}Ho3+ in YGaG at 2.086 and 2.114 \ensuremath{\mu} and from Ho3+{\mathrm{Ho}}^{3+}Ho3+ in YIG at 2.086, 2.089, and 2.107 \ensuremath{\mu}. Each of the lines in YIG is composed of two superimposed electronic transitions. The exchange field in YIG makes possible magnetic tuning of coherent emission over a range of 70 \AA{}.
Seven absorption group-bands (1D2, 1G4, 3F2, 3F3, 3H4, 3H5, 3F4) of Tm3+ in YVO4 single crystals have been observed in the orientation absorption spectra recorded in the spectral range from 200 to 4000 nm at 300K. The integrated absorption cross section for each group-band was accurately evaluated. On the assumption that the anisotropy of this uni-axial crystal is small, the Judd-Ofelt theory was extended for the calculation of 4f-4f transition intensities of Tm3+ in YVO4. Two sets of phenomenological intensity parameters were derived from a least-squares-fit procedure. For c-axis cut sample we have Ω2=10.18 (10-20cm2), Ω4=1.96 (10-20cm2), Ω6=0.75 (10-20cm2). For a-axis cut sample we have Ω2=8.20 (10-20cm2), Ω4=2.47 (10-20cm2), Ω6=0.91 (10-20cm2). The anisotropy of the optical absorption intensities of Tm3+:YVO4 was theoretically analyzed in detail.