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Optics Express

High-gain, wide-dynamic-range parametric interaction in Mg-doped LiNbO_3 quasi-phase-matched adhered ridge waveguide

Rai Kou, Sunao Kurimura, Kiyofumi Kikuchi, Akihiro Terasaki, Hirochika Nakajima, Katsutoshi Kondou, Junichiro Ichikawa

Published Jun 3, 2011• 48 citations
Publisher

Abstract

With recent developments and optimizations for quasi-phase-matched adhered ridge waveguide (QPM-ARW), outstanding performances containing efficient amplification were demonstrated by difference frequency generation (DFG) and optical parametric amplification (OPA). A maximum channel conversion efficiency of +7.6 dB (570%) was achieved in a telecommunication band using a 50 mm-long device, when coupling with 160 mW pump. Simultaneously, the input signal was amplified up to +9.5 dB (890%).

DOI
10.1364/oe.19.011867

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Although noiseless optical amplification has been demonstrated in bulk KTP crystals, and is well understood, there have been no observations of noiseless optical amplification in bulk quasi-phase-matched (QPM) systems. That such an amplifier is possible was predicted recently and indeed squeezing has already been observed in QPM waveguides (using KTP and LiNbO3). QPM materials are attractive for use in quantum-optical devices because they give access to certain (large) components of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor that cannot be used in conventional birefringent phase-matching schemes. They also extend the range of materials accessible for use in parametric amplifiers to include some low-birefringence crystals exhibiting large nonlinearities. Even with the technological advantages offered by certain QPM crystals, efforts to find practical applications for optical parametric amplifiers are hampered by the need for enormous pump-field strengths. The obvious solution to the problem of the pump-field requirement is to confine the incident energy to a narrow interaction region thereby increasing the energy density. However, this approach can only be realised at the expense of sacrificing the homogeneity of the parametric interaction between pump and signal waves. This in turn causes vacuum field fluctuations from parasitic modes to be mixed into the signal mode thereby degrading the signal to noise ratio and negating the advantage of using an optical parametric amplifier. In the experiments presented here, optical signals have been amplified with up to 9dB of gain, yet with a noise figure (NF) of only 1.09, as compared to the minimum possible NF of a classical amplifier with the same gain which would equal 1.86. Furthermore, the interaction is achieved with tightly focused incident fields in a sample of bulk QPM lithium niobate. The entire interaction region is only 200µm thick and 2.8mm long. This performance was achieved with the aid of a theoretical model m which the effect of wavefront curvature and mode distortion are treated within a quantised mode framework using a spatial mode basis. Such a simulation permits the fundamental origin of the excess quantum noise to be easily traced to zero-point fluctuations of high-order spatial modes which couple to the signal mode via the parametric interaction. Furthermore the simulation enabled an experimental geometry to be selected in which an optimal compromise is made between wavefront matching bump beam smaller than signal) and pump-homogeneity (pump larger than signal), so that the overall noise figure remains well into the quantum-performance region.

•Jan 1, 1996•0 citations
With recent developments and optimizations for quasi-phase-matched adhered ridge waveguide (QPM-ARW), outstanding performances containing efficient amplification were demonstrated by difference frequency generation (DFG) and optical parametric amplification (OPA). A maximum channel conversion efficiency of +7.6 dB (570%) was achieved in a telecommunication band using a 50 mm-long device, when coupling with 160 mW pump. Simultaneously, the input signal was amplified up to +9.5 dB (890%).
A configuration for wavelength conversion and optical amplification by parametric interaction using a nonlinear optical device is proposed. It enables pump generation through second harmonic generation (SHG), difference frequency generation (DFG), and optical parametric amplification (OPA) using a multiple-quasi-phase-matched (M-QPM) LiNbO3 waveguide in a bidirectional manner. Wavelength conversion for the 1.4–1.6 µm band is experimentally demonstrated. In addition, it is demonstrated that the parametric gain band can be changed using various detunings between the pump and QPM wavelengths used for the DFG/OPA process. The proposed method would be useful for enabling high-capacity optical transmission outside the 1550-nm band.
Optical parametric amplification in the range of 1.3–1.8 µm was demonstrated by using a periodically poled LiNbO3 (PPLN) waveguide as a nonlinear medium by varying the detuning of the pump wavelength. A wide range of detuning was enabled by using a multiple-quasi-phase-matched (M-QPM) LiNbO3 waveguide for pump generation through second harmonic generation (SHG) and temperature control of the PPLN waveguide. Broadband optical amplification and wavelength conversion through difference frequency generation (DFG) are considered useful for widening the bandwidth of optical communication.
Difference-frequency generation (DFG) and cascaded second-order nonlinear interaction (χ(2)) based wavelength conversions in LiNbO3 quasi-phase-matched waveguides were studied systematically. The characteristics of the two conversion methods, such as conversion efficiency, conversion bandwidth, pump-wavelength tolerance, and temperature stability, were compared with both experimental and theoretical results of MgO-doped quasi-phase-matched waveguides. It was found that for shorter device length and lower pump power, DFG based wavelength converters had higher conversion efficiency, and the cascaded χ(2) based wavelength conversions had slightly wider 3-dB signal-conversion bandwidth. The 3-dB signal wavelength-conversion bandwidth decreased exponentially with an increase in device length. For long devices and high pump power, however, the efficiency difference between the cascaded χ(2) based conversions and DFG based ones was minor. Tolerance of pump wavelength for the cascaded χ(2) based wavelength conversions was approximately two times that of DFG-based ones, which decreases with the increase of device length. In both cases, the tolerance of pump wavelength exponentially decreased with an increase of device length. It was found that the temperature stability of the cascaded χ(2) based conversions was identical to that of DFG based conversions. These results are very helpful in choosing suitable wavelength converters for practical optical communication systems.
Although noiseless optical amplification has been demonstrated in bulk KTP crystals, and is well understood, there have been no observations of noiseless optical amplification in bulk quasi-phase-matched (QPM) systems. That such an amplifier is possible was predicted recently and indeed squeezing has already been observed in QPM waveguides (using KTP and LiNbO3). QPM materials are attractive for use in quantum-optical devices because they give access to certain (large) components of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor that cannot be used in conventional birefringent phase-matching schemes. They also extend the range of materials accessible for use in parametric amplifiers to include some low-birefringence crystals exhibiting large nonlinearities. Even with the technological advantages offered by certain QPM crystals, efforts to find practical applications for optical parametric amplifiers are hampered by the need for enormous pump-field strengths. The obvious solution to the problem of the pump-field requirement is to confine the incident energy to a narrow interaction region thereby increasing the energy density. However, this approach can only be realised at the expense of sacrificing the homogeneity of the parametric interaction between pump and signal waves. This in turn causes vacuum field fluctuations from parasitic modes to be mixed into the signal mode thereby degrading the signal to noise ratio and negating the advantage of using an optical parametric amplifier. In the experiments presented here, optical signals have been amplified with up to 9dB of gain, yet with a noise figure (NF) of only 1.09, as compared to the minimum possible NF of a classical amplifier with the same gain which would equal 1.86. Furthermore, the interaction is achieved with tightly focused incident fields in a sample of bulk QPM lithium niobate. The entire interaction region is only 200µm thick and 2.8mm long. This performance was achieved with the aid of a theoretical model m which the effect of wavefront curvature and mode distortion are treated within a quantised mode framework using a spatial mode basis. Such a simulation permits the fundamental origin of the excess quantum noise to be easily traced to zero-point fluctuations of high-order spatial modes which couple to the signal mode via the parametric interaction. Furthermore the simulation enabled an experimental geometry to be selected in which an optimal compromise is made between wavefront matching bump beam smaller than signal) and pump-homogeneity (pump larger than signal), so that the overall noise figure remains well into the quantum-performance region.