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Polarization dependent photorefractive amplitude modulation production in MgO:LiNbO3 phase modulators

Juna Sathian, Esa A. Jaatinen

Published Aug 1, 2011• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present experimental and theoretical results of the intensity dependence of residual amplitude modulation (RAM) production in electro-optic phase modulators. By utilizing the anisotropy of the medium, we show that RAM has a photorefractive origin.
DOI
10.1109/iqec-cleo.2011.6193966

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Residual amplitude modulation (RAM) is an unwanted noise source in electro-optic phase modulators. The analysis presented shows that while the magnitude of the RAM produced by a MgO:LiNbO(3) modulator increases with intensity, its associated phase becomes less well defined. This combination results in temporal fluctuations in RAM that increase with intensity. This behavior is explained by the presented phenomenological model based on gradually evolving photorefractive scattering centers randomly distributed throughout the optically thick medium. This understanding is exploited to show that RAM can be reduced to below the 10(-5) level by introducing an intense optical beam to erase the photorefractive scatter.
Residual amplitude modulation is one of the major sources of instability in ultra-sensitive optical detections based on frequency modulation. Using a MgO·LiNbO(3) electro-optic crystal, we systematically measure the temperature and polarization dependence of residual amplitude modulation and our experimental results are in good agreement with a previous theoretical analysis. After optical phase modulation, two independent arms including optical detection and frequency demodulation are employed to closely examine the instability of the residual amplitude modulation. Residual amplitude modulation below 25 ppm is obtained with an active cancellation scheme in which the crystal temperature is varied so as to zero the baseline drifts with different origins. Possible improvements for better suppression and stability are discussed.
We investigate polarization and intensity all-optical bi- and tri-stability in interference structures that include both a birefringent LiNbO3 layer of different crystallographic orientations and an absorbing layer. The origin of this multistability is the thermo-optical nonlinearity present in the structures. Regenerative pulsations are demonstrated using the electro-optical and the photorefractive properties of the LiNbO3 crystal. The unstable dynamical behavior is explained heuristically as being due to competing nonlinearities.
Photorefractively induced index-of-refraction phase gratings are shown to combine coherently the optical fields of a strong pump and a suitably amplitude- or phase-modulated signal beam in such a way that an apparent amplification of the modulating waveform appears as intensity modulation of the transmitted signal and pump beam intensities. The source of the signal gain is shown to be the square-law (intensity) detection of the coherently combined pump and modulated signal beams, just as in coherent optical communication systems in which a strong local-oscillator field is coherently added with a weak optical signal field by a beam splitter.