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Physical Review A

Electromagnetically induced photonic band gap

Yuri V. Rostovtsev, Andrey B. Matsko, Marlan O. Scully

Published Jul 1, 1999• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A nonlinear propagation of electromagnetic waves has been investigated in a heterostructure formed by spatially modulated density of ladder-type $(\ensuremath{\Xi})$ three-level atoms. The appearance of a forbidden band gap for an electromagnetic field induced by another electromagnetic field has been found. An alternative concept of an optical transistorlike device based on this effect has been proposed.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.60.712

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InTech eBooks•Jan 20, 2012•3 citations
A nonlinear propagation of electromagnetic waves has been investigated in a heterostructure formed by spatially modulated density of ladder-type (\ensuremathΞ)(\ensuremath{\Xi})(\ensuremathΞ) three-level atoms. The appearance of a forbidden band gap for an electromagnetic field induced by another electromagnetic field has been found. An alternative concept of an optical transistorlike device based on this effect has been proposed.
By using the technique of electromagnetically induced transparency and solving density matrix equations for atoms and transfer matrix equations of fields, we study the steady optical properties of a four-level system of cold atoms driven by a traveling-wave field and a standing-wave field. It is found that a nearly perfect structure of double photonic band-gap can be generated with specific parameters. In particular, the reflectivity inside each photonic band-gap is homogeneous over 95%. It is convenient to modulate the positions and widths of both photonic band-gaps by changing intensities and frequencies of the driving fields. The double photonic band-gaps can be used to achieve all-optical routing and switching and therefore may have applications in all-optical information networks.
When a resonance associated with electromagnetically induced transparency in an atomic ensemble is modulated by an off-resonant standing light wave, a band of frequencies can appear for which light propagation is forbidden. We show that dynamic control of such a band gap can be used to coherently convert a propagating light pulse into a stationary excitation with nonvanishing photonic component. This can be accomplished with high efficiency and negligible noise even at the level of few-photon quantum fields thereby facilitating possible applications in quantum nonlinear optics and quantum information.
Summary form only given. Photonic band gap (PBG) materials are a new class of dielectrics which represent a major new frontier in quantum, nonlinear, and classical optics. They also represent a new technology platform for the optical networking industry. Unlike semiconductors which facilitate the coherent propagation of electrons, PBG materials execute their novel functions through the coherent localization of photons. When a PBG material is doped with impurity atoms (or other two-level systems) which have an electronic transition that lies within the gap, spontaneous emission of light from the atom is inhibited. Instead, the photon forms a bound state to the atom. This has dramatic consequences for collective light emission from a large number of atoms and for the interaction of such atoms with an external laser field. I describe the design of an all optical micro-transistor based on collective switching of two-level atoms near a photonic band edge, by an external laser field. I discuss tunable PBG materials whose band structure can be modulated by means of an external field. This effect enables the steering of light in a manner similar to the steering of electrons by an electric field in a semiconductor.
Optical phenomena in materials with a space modulation of dielectric constant at distances close to the light wavelengths (so called photonic band-gap structures or photonic crystals) are of a great interest now because of the existence of band gaps in their photonic band structure (Bykov, 1972; Yablonovitch, 1987; John, 1987). These band gaps represent frequency regions where electromagnetic waves are forbidden, irrespective of the spatial propagation directions. Inside the band gaps, the photon density of states is equal to zero and so the emission of light sources embedded in these crystals should be inhibited in these spectral regions (Vats et al., 2002). Since the time the effect is predicted, many experiments have been devoted to studies of spontaneous emission of molecules embedded in photonic crystals (Gaponenko et al., 1999; Gorelik, 2007). Typical structures of photonic crystals and calculations of corresponding photonic band structures are presented in a book by Prof. Joannopoulos (Joannopoulos et al., 2008). Besides the emission inhibition effect, a number of new optical phenomena in 3D photonic crystals, interesting from the applied point of view, are under intensive study now. The main research directions are the following:  Effects of light localisation (John, 1987; Kaliteevskii et al., 2005; Vignolini et al., 2008).  Radiation of photonic crystals filled with organic (rhodamine 6G, 1,8-naphthoylene1’,2’-benzimidazole, stilbene) and inorganic (ZnO, ZnS, rare-earth ions Eu3+, Tb3+, Er3+) luminophores near by the edges of photonic band-gap (Gaponenko et al., 1999; Aliev et al., 2002; Emel’chenko et al., 2005; Li et al., 2007).  Radiation of CdTe, CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in photonic crystal volume (Gruzintsev et al., 2009; Ambrozevich et al., 2009).  Quantum optics phenomena in nano-structured materials based on photonic crystals and nonlinear optical substances (Lin & Vuckovic, 2010).  Effects of the radiation field amplification in photonic crystals (Lin & Vuckovic, 2010).  Increase of solar cells efficiency with the use of photonic crystals (Florescu et al., 2007).