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Journal of Physics B Atomic and Molecular Physics

The Hanle effect in atomic vapours produced by cathodic sputtering

E E Gibbs, Peter Hannaford

Published Jun 21, 1976• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The Hanle effect has been investigated for the 4227 AA resonance line of calcium using atomic vapours produced by cathodic sputtering in a rare-gas discharge. Results are reported for the lifetime of the 4 1 P 1 state of calcium and for the alignment depolarization cross sections for the various rare gases.
DOI
10.1088/0022-3700/9/9/004

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Radiative Lifetime of the First P322 State of Ionized Calcium and Magnesium by the Hanle Effect

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Hanle-effect studies on the (5p46s)P524 state of iodine

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The radiative lifetimes of the 17992-,25068-,28857-, 37414-, 40564-, and 44017-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ neutral levels and the 30392-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ion level of Yb have been measured by the Hanle method in a fast-flowing He system. The lifetimes (in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec) were found to be 820(20), 5.12(0.12), 14.4(0.4), 77.4(6.0), 9.32(0.6), 39.1(3.5), and 5.8(0.6), respectively. In a flowing system with He as a buffer gas the alignment depolarization cross sections with Yb were obtained and are reported here for the first time. They are (in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) 5.0(1.0), 5.9(1.0), 5.9(1.2), 17.9(2.0), 28.2(3.0), 5.16(4.0), and 7.2(2.5), respectively.

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Dependence of Hanle signals on the spectral distribution of the exciting light

D. Lecler, R. Ostermann, Wulfhard K. Lange +1 more

The shape of Hanle (zero field level crossing) signals may be strongly distorted if the spectral profile of the exciting light varies rapidly on the scale of the natural linewidth, provided that the Doppler width in the scattering region is not very large compared with the natural width. A Hanle experiment has been performed at the resonance line of calcium. The exciting light had a spectral profile with a very narrow hole at the resonance frequency and was produced by a calcium hollow-cathode with an absorbing atomic beam of calcium inserted in its light path, The observed level crossing signals are in very good agreement with theoretical predictions.

Journal de physique•Jan 1, 1975•7 citations
The lifetime of the Ca+{\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}Ca+ 42P324^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}42P23​​ state and that of the Mg+{\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}Mg+ 32P323^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}32P23​​ state have been measured by the Hanle-effect method with optical excitation from the ground states of the ions. The lifetimes are, respectively, (6.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ and (3.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. The ions were produced by introducing traces of calcium or magnesium into an argon discharge. "Alignment" depolarization cross sections $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ were obtained for the collisional depolarization of the following states of calcium and magnesium due to collisions with argon: $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{Ca} 4^{1}P_{1} \mathrm{state})=(1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2};$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\mathrm{Ca}}^{+} 4^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}} \mathrm{state})=(1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2};$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{Mg} 3^{1}P_{1} \mathrm{state})=(1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3){10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2};$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\mathrm{Mg}}^{+} 3^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}} \mathrm{state})=(1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}.$The magnitudes of these cross sections are in accord with the theories of Byron and Foley and of Omont; we give a discussion of the extension of these theories to include ion-atom collisions.
Hanle-effect measurements have been made on the (5p46s)4P52(5{p}^{4}6s)^{4}P_{\frac{5}{2}}(5p46s)4P25​​ state of iodine, which is connected to the ground state via the 1830-\AA{} line. The atomic iodine is produced by thermal dissociation of I2{\mathrm{I}}_{2}I2​, and is excited by unpolarized resonance radiation. Using the value of gJ{g}_{J}gJ​ obtained by Keiss and Corliss from high-field Zeeman splittings, we find a radiative life-time of 57.9 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.4 nsec (all errors quoted are 67% confidence limits). Neither coherence narrowing nor self-broadening is observed, and we place an upper limit of 200 A˚2{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}A˚2 on the latter process. Cross sections for broadening of the Hanle effect by the rare gases are found to be (in A˚2{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}A˚2): He: 9.8 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.1; Ne: 19.5 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 1.6; Ar: 37.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3.1; Kr: 38.7 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3.8; Xe: 49.2 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 3.1. The relative values of these cross sections are seen to be in agreement with the predictions of a van der Waals interaction.
The lifetimes of the 5p2P325p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}5p2P23​​ and 5p2P125p^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}5p2P21​​ states of Sr+{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}Sr+ and the 6p2P326p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}6p2P23​​ and 6p2P126p^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}6p2P21​​ states of Ba+{\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}Ba+ have been measured by the Hanle-effect technique with optical excitation from the ion ground state. (The lifetimes of the Mg+{\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}Mg+ 3p2P323p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}3p2P23​​ and Ca+{\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}Ca+ 4p2P324p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}4p2P23​​ states were obtained by the same technique and reported previously.) These Ca+{\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}Ca+, Sr+{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}Sr+, and Ba+{\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}Ba+ states each decay to a 2D32,52^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}}2D23​,25​​ doublet as well as to the ground 2S12^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}2S21​​ state, and the branching ratios for these transitions have been measured. The ions were produced by introducing traces of the atomic vapor into an argon discharge. Consequently, the cross sections for collisional depolarization of these 2PJ^{2}P_{J}2PJ​ states due to collisions with argon were also obtained from the measurements. The experimental results are given in Tables I and II. A discussion of the ion-atom collisional depolarization cross sections is included.
The radiative lifetimes of the 17992-,25068-,28857-, 37414-, 40564-, and 44017-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ neutral levels and the 30392-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ ion level of Yb have been measured by the Hanle method in a fast-flowing He system. The lifetimes (in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec) were found to be 820(20), 5.12(0.12), 14.4(0.4), 77.4(6.0), 9.32(0.6), 39.1(3.5), and 5.8(0.6), respectively. In a flowing system with He as a buffer gas the alignment depolarization cross sections with Yb were obtained and are reported here for the first time. They are (in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ cm2{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}cm2) 5.0(1.0), 5.9(1.0), 5.9(1.2), 17.9(2.0), 28.2(3.0), 5.16(4.0), and 7.2(2.5), respectively.
The shape of Hanle (zero field level crossing) signals may be strongly distorted if the spectral profile of the exciting light varies rapidly on the scale of the natural linewidth, provided that the Doppler width in the scattering region is not very large compared with the natural width. A Hanle experiment has been performed at the resonance line of calcium. The exciting light had a spectral profile with a very narrow hole at the resonance frequency and was produced by a calcium hollow-cathode with an absorbing atomic beam of calcium inserted in its light path, The observed level crossing signals are in very good agreement with theoretical predictions.