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Physical Review

Oscillator Strengths of Ca II, Sr II, and Ba II

Alan C. Gallagher

Published May 5, 1967• 217 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The lifetimes of the $5p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $5p^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states of ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}$ and the $6p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and $6p^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states of ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ have been measured by the Hanle-effect technique with optical excitation from the ion ground state. (The lifetimes of the ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$ $3p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ $4p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ states were obtained by the same technique and reported previously.) These ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}$ states each decay to a $^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}}$ doublet as well as to the ground $^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ state, and the branching ratios for these transitions have been measured. The ions were produced by introducing traces of the atomic vapor into an argon discharge. Consequently, the cross sections for collisional depolarization of these $^{2}P_{J}$ states due to collisions with argon were also obtained from the measurements. The experimental results are given in Tables I and II. A discussion of the ion-atom collisional depolarization cross sections is included.

DOI
10.1103/physrev.157.24

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Radiative Lifetime of the First P322 State of Ionized Calcium and Magnesium by the Hanle Effect

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The lifetime of the ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ $4^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state and that of the ${\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}$ $3^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state have been measured by the Hanle-effect method with optical excitation from the ground states of the ions. The lifetimes are, respectively, (6.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ and (3.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. The ions were produced by introducing traces of calcium or magnesium into an argon discharge. "Alignment" depolarization cross sections $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ were obtained for the collisional depolarization of the following states of calcium and magnesium due to collisions with argon: $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{Ca} 4^{1}P_{1} \mathrm{state})=(1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2};$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\mathrm{Ca}}^{+} 4^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}} \mathrm{state})=(1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2};$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{Mg} 3^{1}P_{1} \mathrm{state})=(1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3){10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2};$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\mathrm{Mg}}^{+} 3^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}} \mathrm{state})=(1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}.$The magnitudes of these cross sections are in accord with the theories of Byron and Foley and of Omont; we give a discussion of the extension of these theories to include ion-atom collisions.

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Direct Measurements of Excited-State Lifetimes in Group-II and Group-Iii Atoms.

Mark D. Havey

The lifetimes of a large number of excited states in the Group II and Group III atoms have been measured.Among these states are the 5s5p3Pj metastable state of Sr and the lowest 3Sj state of Mg, Ca, and Sr.Also measured were the lifetimes of the lowest 2Sa states of Al, Ga, In and Tl, and "2 the lifetimes of several andXD2 states of Ca.The ex cited states were populated by one-and two-step dye laser excitation, and the lifetimes determined by direct observa tion of the subsequent resonance or branching fluorescence.The results obtained for states in the triplet series of the Group II atoms are: t {Sr 3P ) =(21.0 ± 1.0)ysec, r{Mg 3Sl) = (9.7 ± 0.5) nsec, t(Ca 3S 1)= ( 11.7 ± 0.6) nsec,x(Sr 3Sj ) = (12.9± 0.7) nsec.ix CHAPTER X

•Jun 1, 1977•0 citations
The lifetimes of the 5p2P325p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}5p2P23​​ and 5p2P125p^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}5p2P21​​ states of Sr+{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}Sr+ and the 6p2P326p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}6p2P23​​ and 6p2P126p^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}6p2P21​​ states of Ba+{\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}Ba+ have been measured by the Hanle-effect technique with optical excitation from the ion ground state. (The lifetimes of the Mg+{\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}Mg+ 3p2P323p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}3p2P23​​ and Ca+{\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}Ca+ 4p2P324p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}4p2P23​​ states were obtained by the same technique and reported previously.) These Ca+{\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}Ca+, Sr+{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}Sr+, and Ba+{\mathrm{Ba}}^{+}Ba+ states each decay to a 2D32,52^{2}D_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}}2D23​,25​​ doublet as well as to the ground 2S12^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}2S21​​ state, and the branching ratios for these transitions have been measured. The ions were produced by introducing traces of the atomic vapor into an argon discharge. Consequently, the cross sections for collisional depolarization of these 2PJ^{2}P_{J}2PJ​ states due to collisions with argon were also obtained from the measurements. The experimental results are given in Tables I and II. A discussion of the ion-atom collisional depolarization cross sections is included.
The lifetime of the Ca+{\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}Ca+ 42P324^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}42P23​​ state and that of the Mg+{\mathrm{Mg}}^{+}Mg+ 32P323^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}32P23​​ state have been measured by the Hanle-effect method with optical excitation from the ground states of the ions. The lifetimes are, respectively, (6.72\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ and (3.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.18)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. The ions were produced by introducing traces of calcium or magnesium into an argon discharge. "Alignment" depolarization cross sections $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ were obtained for the collisional depolarization of the following states of calcium and magnesium due to collisions with argon: $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{Ca} 4^{1}P_{1} \mathrm{state})=(1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2};$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\mathrm{Ca}}^{+} 4^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}} \mathrm{state})=(1.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2};$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\mathrm{Mg} 3^{1}P_{1} \mathrm{state})=(1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3){10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2};$ $\ensuremath{\sigma}({\mathrm{Mg}}^{+} 3^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}} \mathrm{state})=(1.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}.$The magnitudes of these cross sections are in accord with the theories of Byron and Foley and of Omont; we give a discussion of the extension of these theories to include ion-atom collisions.
The Hanle effect and its variation with density has been used to determine the depolarization cross section for collisions between the 2P32^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}2P23​​ barium ions and neutral atoms. An extrapolation of the data to zero density gives a value of the average lifetime $\ensuremath{\tau}=6.22$ ns for the 6p2P326p^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}6p2P23​​ level. A further experiment gives $\ensuremath{\tau}=7.55$ ns for the 6p2P126p^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}6p2P21​​ level.
The oscillator strength for the resonance ($1^{1}S\ensuremath{-}2^{1}P$) transition in atomic helium has been determined from a measurement of the lifetime of the 21P2^{1}P21P state. This lifetime was obtained using a modified zero-field level crossing (Hanle) method. The scattering sample was a thermal velocity beam of 21S2^{1}S21S metastable atoms. Resonant 2-\ensuremath{\mu} ($2^{1}S\ensuremath{-}2^{1}P$) radiation is absorbed by the 21S2^{1}S21S atoms, which are excited to the 21P2^{1}P21P state. This state then primarily decays to the ground 11S1^{1}S11S state with the emission of resonance (584 \AA{}) radiation. The lifetime of the 21P2^{1}P21P state was determined from measurements of the magnetic-field dependence of the angular distribution of the 584 \AA{} intensity. This new technique eliminates the problem of constructing a vacuum ultraviolet resonance lamp. The measured lifetime $\ensuremath{\tau} (2^{1}P)$ is (5.63 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.22) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec. The resulting absorption oscillator strength for the resonance transition is 0.273 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.011. This oscillator strength agrees with the theoretical value.
We have developed an interesting and widely applicable technique for measuring lifetimes of low-lying levels of neutral atoms and their first few ionization states. The cascade-photon-coincidence method has been extended by using a light source consisting of excited atoms sputtered from a solid by 10-keV argon ions. We have measured the lifetimes of the 4p2{4\mathrm{p}}^{2}4p2P3/2o{\mathrm{P}}_{3\mathrm{/}2}^{\mathrm{o}}P3/2o​ state of Ca II, the 6p2{6\mathrm{p}}^{2}6p2P3/2o{\mathrm{P}}_{3\mathrm{/}2}^{\mathrm{o}}P3/2o​ state of Ba II, and the 4p2{4\mathrm{p}}^{2}4p2P3/2o{\mathrm{P}}_{3\mathrm{/}2}^{\mathrm{o}}P3/2o​ state of Al III. These measurements are in good agreement with earlier work.
The lifetimes of a large number of excited states in the Group II and Group III atoms have been measured.Among these states are the 5s5p3Pj metastable state of Sr and the lowest 3Sj state of Mg, Ca, and Sr.Also measured were the lifetimes of the lowest 2Sa states of Al, Ga, In and Tl, and "2 the lifetimes of several andXD2 states of Ca.The ex cited states were populated by one-and two-step dye laser excitation, and the lifetimes determined by direct observa tion of the subsequent resonance or branching fluorescence.The results obtained for states in the triplet series of the Group II atoms are: t {Sr 3P ) =(21.0 ± 1.0)ysec, r{Mg 3Sl) = (9.7 ± 0.5) nsec, t(Ca 3S 1)= ( 11.7 ± 0.6) nsec,x(Sr 3Sj ) = (12.9± 0.7) nsec.ix CHAPTER X