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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Towards integrated optical quantum networks in diamond

Andrei Faraon, Charles Santori, Zhihong Huang, Víctor M. Acosta, Paul E. Barclay, Kai‐Mei C. Fu, Raymond G. Beausoleil

Published Feb 9, 2012• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate coupling between the zero phonon line (ZPL) of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond and the modes of optical micro-resonators fabricated in single crystal diamond membranes sitting on a silicon dioxide substrate. A more than ten-fold enhancement of the ZPL is estimated by measuring the modification of the spontaneous emission lifetime. The cavity-coupled ZPL emission was further coupled into on-chip waveguides thus demonstrating the potential to build optical quantum networks in this diamond on insulator platform.

DOI
10.1117/12.906260

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•Jan 1, 2017•0 citations
We demonstrate coupling between the zero phonon line (ZPL) of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond and the modes of optical micro-resonators fabricated in single crystal diamond membranes sitting on a silicon dioxide substrate. A more than ten-fold enhancement of the ZPL is estimated by measuring the modification of the spontaneous emission lifetime. The cavity-coupled ZPL emission was further coupled into on-chip waveguides thus demonstrating the potential to build optical quantum networks in this diamond on insulator platform.
Nitrogen–vacancy centers in diamond have outstanding quantum optical properties that enable applications in information processing and sensing. As with most solid-state systems for quantum photonic applications, the great promise lies in the capability to embed them in an on-chip optical network. Here we present basic integrated devices composed of diamond micro-ring resonators coupled to waveguides that are terminated with grating out-couplers. Strong enhancement is observed for the zero-phonon line of nitrogen–vacancy centers coupled to the ring resonance. The zero-phonon line is efficiently coupled from the ring into the waveguide and then scattered out of plane by the grating out-couplers.
Optical coupling of an ensemble of silicon-vacancy (SiV) centers to single-crystal diamond microdisk cavities is demonstrated. The cavities are fabricated from a single-crystal diamond membrane generated by ion implantation and electrochemical liftoff followed by homo-epitaxial overgrowth. Whispering gallery modes spectrally overlap with the zero-phonon line (ZPL) of the SiV centers and exhibit quality factors ∼ 2200. Lifetime reduction from 1.8 ns to 1.48 ns is observed from SiV centers in the cavity compared to those in the membrane outside the cavity. These results are pivotal in developing diamond integrated photonics networks.
The realisation of an efficient spin-photon interface using the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy centre (NV-) in diamond requires the resonant coupling of the zero phonon line (ZPL) of the centre to an optical microcavity [1]. The cavity serves to encourage emission into the ZPL in preference to the phonon sidebands, and potentially also to increase the homogeneous linewidth via a reduction of the lifetime (the Purcell effect) thus assisting in the generation of indistinguishable photons. Cavity coupling thus has potential to improve by orders of magnitude the speed with which entanglement can be created between spatially remote NV- centres [2], and to enable other mechanisms for realising spin-photon interfaces via non-demolition measurements [3].
A quantumnetwork would allow the distribution of a quantum state over many spatially separated quantum nodes which individually possess the ability to generate, process and store quantum information. Connecting these nodes through quantum communication channels would enable sending quantum information over arbitrarily long distances, secret key distribution with guaranteed secure communication and distributed quantum computing. An appealing platform for implementation of quantum networks is the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. An NV center is an optically active defect in diamond created by the substitution of two adjacent carbon atoms in the diamond crystal matrix by a nitrogen atom and a neighboring vacancy. The NV center fits remarkably well in the described quantum network framework. Its electronic spin can be optically initialized, read out in a single shot, coherently manipulated and coupled to the nearby carbon-13 nuclear spins. These properties represent necessary ingredients of a multi-qubit quantum node. The possibility of the entanglement between the state of the NV center spin and a photon establishes a photonic quantum link which can enable the entanglement of the quantum nodes, forming a quantum network. First building blocks of the proposed quantum networks based on NV centers were demonstrated by performing entanglement between two distant NV centers separated by more than a kilometer. However, the current success rate of the entangling protocols is greatly reduced due to the low emission probability of the NV center photons into the resonant zero phonon line (ZPL) and the inefficient photon extraction from the diamond. This is the central problem which prevents promoting our experiments beyond proof-of-principle demonstration towards practical implementation of the proposed quantumnetworks. The goal of this thesis is tackling these issues by coupling NV centers to optical cavities which would greatly increase the rate of generation and collection of the ZPL photons through themechanism of Purcell enhancement. The design and the fabrication of the components constituting a diamond-basedFabry-Perot microcavity, as used in this thesis, are described in Chapter 4. For large enhancement of the NV center resonant emission, a low cavity mode volume is necessary. This is achieved by inserting a micrometers thin diamond slab into the cavity architecture; we present the fabrication details of such samples. Chapter 5 describes the fabrication of an integrated platform for microwave signal delivery to the NV centers within a diamond membrane in the cavity architecture. Microwave striplines and arrays of unique markers are embedded in the mirror onto which the diamond is bonded. We investigate the mirror optical properties post fabrication and find that the fabrication method preserves the mirror optical performance. We describe the diamond bonding method and demonstrate addressing of the NV center spin. In Chapter 6 we probe the properties of the cavity with the embedded diamond membrane through measurements of the cavity finesse. We investigate the cavity finesse dependence on length, mode structure and temperature. We further explore the operation at cryogenic temperatures by probing the effect of cryostation vibration on the cavity linewidth. Finally, in Chapter 7 we discuss ways of improving the existing experimental capabilities, outline the first steps for demonstrating enhancement of the NV center resonant emission and suggest future experiments that can be performed with this system. We conclude that coupling of the NV centers to the cavities developed in this research could lead to an increase of remote entanglement success rates by more than three orders of magnitude.