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New Journal of Physics

Quantum photonic devices in single-crystal diamond

Andrei Faraon, Charles Santori, Zhihong Huang, Kai‐Mei C. Fu, Víctor M. Acosta, David A. Fattal, Raymond G. Beausoleil

Published Feb 7, 2013• 86 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nitrogen–vacancy centers in diamond have outstanding quantum optical properties that enable applications in information processing and sensing. As with most solid-state systems for quantum photonic applications, the great promise lies in the capability to embed them in an on-chip optical network. Here we present basic integrated devices composed of diamond micro-ring resonators coupled to waveguides that are terminated with grating out-couplers. Strong enhancement is observed for the zero-phonon line of nitrogen–vacancy centers coupled to the ring resonance. The zero-phonon line is efficiently coupled from the ring into the waveguide and then scattered out of plane by the grating out-couplers.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/15/2/025010

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Nitrogen–vacancy centers in diamond have outstanding quantum optical properties that enable applications in information processing and sensing. As with most solid-state systems for quantum photonic applications, the great promise lies in the capability to embed them in an on-chip optical network. Here we present basic integrated devices composed of diamond micro-ring resonators coupled to waveguides that are terminated with grating out-couplers. Strong enhancement is observed for the zero-phonon line of nitrogen–vacancy centers coupled to the ring resonance. The zero-phonon line is efficiently coupled from the ring into the waveguide and then scattered out of plane by the grating out-couplers.
We demonstrate coupling between the zero phonon line (ZPL) of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond and the modes of optical micro-resonators fabricated in single crystal diamond membranes sitting on a silicon dioxide substrate. A more than ten-fold enhancement of the ZPL is estimated by measuring the modification of the spontaneous emission lifetime. The cavity-coupled ZPL emission was further coupled into on-chip waveguides thus demonstrating the potential to build optical quantum networks in this diamond on insulator platform.
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We demonstrate an integrated nanophotonic network in diamond, consisting of a ring resonator coupled to an optical waveguide with grating in- and outcouplers. Using a nitrogen-vacancy color center embedded inside the ring resonator as a source of photons, single photon generation and routing at room temperature is observed. Furthermore, we observe a large overall photon extraction efficiency (10%) and high quality factors of ring resonators (3200 for waveguide-coupled system and 12 600 for a bare ring).
The realization of efficient optical interfaces for solid-state atom-like systems is an important problem in quantum science with potential applications in quantum communications and quantum information processing. We describe and demonstrate a technique for coupling single nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers to suspended diamond photonic crystal cavities with quality factors up to 6000. Specifically, we present an enhancement of the NV center's zero-phonon line fluorescence by a factor of ~ 7 in low-temperature measurements.
Chip integration of quantum emitters is a crucial milestone for scalable quantum photonic information processing. Among optically active defect centers for quantum photonics, diamond color centers are promising because of their long spin coherence times and high photon emission rates. However, for a coherent-photon emission, they typically require a cryogenic environment to protect optical coherence from thermal phonons, which makes chip integration challenging. In this paper, we develop a chip-integrated diamond photonic crystal cavity embedding an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers. We confirm cryogenic operation by observing Purcell enhancement of NV-center emission via an edge-coupled optical fiber. This result demonstrates successful integration of diamond color centers, a photonic crystal cavity, and an optical waveguide-fiber package, representing a key step toward scalable diamond-based quantum communication platforms.