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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Atom guiding in single mode optical fiber capillary

Ryszard S. Romaniuk, Jan Dorosz

Published Oct 4, 2006• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A relatively new method of atomic DeBroglie wave transmission in a hollow single mode optical fiber is presented. A slightly blue-detuned, from the atomic resonance, optical evanescent wave in the ring core of the capillary optical fiber creates a potential barrier for co-propagating or counter-propagating DeBroglie wave. The applied optical wavelength, associated with the used atomic transitions, was in the range 1100-400nm. Excited, metastable atoms of chromium, rubidium, cesium, helium, alkalis, etc., were transmitted in the capillary optical fiber. Initially the transmission was multimode and then single mode, with increasing efficiency. There are considered initial application perspectives of this transmission technology of DeBroglie wave for building of coherent cold sources of atoms, atom interferometers, and devices of the inverse lithography, which may possibly compete with the short-wave photo-lithography. The paper is a tutorial and has a teaching and technology review character.

DOI
10.1117/12.714626

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A relatively new method of atomic DeBroglie wave transmission in a hollow single mode optical fiber is presented. A slightly blue-detuned, from the atomic resonance, optical evanescent wave in the ring core of the capillary optical fiber creates a potential barrier for co-propagating or counter-propagating DeBroglie wave. The applied optical wavelength, associated with the used atomic transitions, was in the range 1100-400nm. Excited, metastable atoms of chromium, rubidium, cesium, helium, alkalis, etc., were transmitted in the capillary optical fiber. Initially the transmission was multimode and then single mode, with increasing efficiency. There are considered initial application perspectives of this transmission technology of DeBroglie wave for building of coherent cold sources of atoms, atom interferometers, and devices of the inverse lithography, which may possibly compete with the short-wave photo-lithography. The paper is a tutorial and has a teaching and technology review character.
We use evanescent laser light to guide atoms through hollow-core optical fibers. The light, detuned to the blue side of rubidium's D2{D}_{2}D2​ resonance lines, is launched into the glass region of a hollow capillary fiber and guided through the fiber by total internal reflection from the glass walls. Atoms interacting with the evanescent component of the field are repelled from the wall and guided through the fiber hollow. A second laser tuned to the red side of resonance is used to initially inject the atoms into the evanescent guide. An optical intensity threshold for guiding is observed as the evanescent-field-induced dipole forces exceed the van der Waals forces.
Guiding of excited state He atoms through hollow fibers is demonstrated. He atoms in the metastable 23S1 state are employed, utilizing the 1083 nm transition to the 23P2 state to manipulate the atomic trajectories. The fibers comprise fused silica capillaries of both square and circular cross-section. Atoms are transmitted through the fiber when the laser light, either co- or counterpropagating with the atoms, is detuned to the blue of the atomic resonance frequency, thereby creating a repulsive potential.
Atoms can be transported through hollow optical fibres using laser light blue-detuned from the atomic resonance, which propagates through the fibre to create a repulsive evanescent light field at the inner fibre wall. We report here the first transmission of metastable helium (2 3 S 1 ) atoms through such hollow optical fibres. Using fused silica capillaries with several different geometries, laser radiation that is blue-detuned from the 2 3 S 1 2 3 P 2 transition was focused into the body of the capillary via total internal reflection from a 45° bevel polished at one end. Laser fields were used with both co- and counter-propagating configurations to the atomic beam.
An attractive candidate for performing atom guidance is the evanescent field at the border of a dielectric light guide since providing a short range (repulsive) potential. In contrast to passive hollow capillaries, we have realised a lasing one made up from highly doped phosphate glass. Compared to its passive counterpart, the laser capillary has the big advantage that the in-coupled light being spectrally removed from the atomic transition of the atoms to be manipulated is used for pumping the laser. The capillary had a diameter of 70 μm possessing a protection coating. The bore diameter was 11 pm. The doping concentration amounted to 2·1020 cm-3 Nd3+. The capillary length was 1.6 cm (7 cm), butt coupled mirrors form the resonator. The capillary could be illuminated side-on or end-on with pump radiation for the active ions delivered by a diode laser at λ=805 nm. The output mirror had a transmission of < 1% to realise a high intracavity power being desirable to create a strong optical potential necessary in evanescent waveguiding of atoms. The near field distribution is shown in Fig.1. To proof the reaction of the evanescent field on an absorptive disturbance we have filled the capillary with an ir-dye (concentration ~0.07 g/1) finding a strongly modulated (mode locked) output when pulsing the diode laser, Fig.2. (The transverse damping distance in the dye solution is only ~0.3 μm). For an empty capillary the emission gets stationary after some typical relaxation oscillations. To estimate the optical potential we have made a numerical analysis of the laser field distribution in the hollow waveguide. Fig.3 shows the mode field at λ=780 nm in the capillary. We have calculated the optical potential U(r) to guide 85Rb atoms with an intra fiber power of 2 W. The frequency detuning from the atomic resonance is 10 GHz, the saturation intensity of the atomic transition is 1.8 mW/cm The optical barrier as a function of distance from the inner surface in terms of temperature is shown in Fig.1c (inset). The realisation of active atomic waveguides may stimulate interesting studies in atom optics, near field optics and cavity QED.
Summary form only given. In previous experiments we have guided excited state helium atoms through hollow optical fibres. We employ helium atoms in the metastable 2/sup 3/S/sub 1/ state, and utilise the 1083 nm transition to the 2/sup 3/P/sub 2/ state to manipulate the atomic trajectories. For these atom guiding experiments, metastable helium has the inherent advantages of near unity detection efficiency and low background counts, since metastable helium de-excites on collision with the fibre wall. We have manufactured hollow fibres with a range of dimensions, some of which support single optical mode propagation. The fibres consist of a narrow (few /spl mu/m) light guiding region around the hole, surrounded by a 20-30 /spl mu/m thick region of lower refractive index. Propagation of the lowest order mode has been observed, thereby indicating that a uniform evanescent field can be created on the inside fibre wall. In addition, excitation of the two orthogonal modes has been observed under slightly different input coupling conditions. The resulting output from the fibre yields a hollow optical beam which has the potential to funnel atoms into the fibre. The results of atom guiding experiments using these fibres are presented.