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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Spectral and energy characteristics of four-photon parametric scattering in sodium vapor

V I Vaĭchaĭtis, M V Ignatavichyus, Vladimir A. Kudryashov, Yu. N. Pimenov, R V Yakite

Published Apr 30, 1987• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An analysis was made of four-photon interaction processes under conditions of two-photon resonance excitation of the 3 D sodium level by two-frequency radiation from a single-pulse picosecond YAG:Nd laser with frequency doubling and a KDP optical parametric oscillator. The spatial and frequency spectra of the four-photon parametric scattering (FPPS) were recorded and studied experimentally at various sodium vapor densities (10 15 –10 17 cm −3 ) and also using collinear and noncollinear excitation. It was found that the observed conical structure of the FPPS radiation may be interpreted by an analysis of whether the frequency and spatial phase-matching conditions were satisfied. Dependences of the intensity of the FPPS radiation on the intensity of the exciting radiation, the sodium vapor density, and the detuning of the exciting radiation frequency from the two-photon resonance were obtained.

DOI
10.1070/qe1987v017n04abeh008198

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An analysis was made of four-photon interaction processes under conditions of two-photon resonance excitation of the 3 D sodium level by two-frequency radiation from a single-pulse picosecond YAG:Nd laser with frequency doubling and a KDP optical parametric oscillator. The spatial and frequency spectra of the four-photon parametric scattering (FPPS) were recorded and studied experimentally at various sodium vapor densities (10 15 –10 17 cm −3 ) and also using collinear and noncollinear excitation. It was found that the observed conical structure of the FPPS radiation may be interpreted by an analysis of whether the frequency and spatial phase-matching conditions were satisfied. Dependences of the intensity of the FPPS radiation on the intensity of the exciting radiation, the sodium vapor density, and the detuning of the exciting radiation frequency from the two-photon resonance were obtained.
An experimental investigation was made of the evolution of conically scattered radiation generated by excitation of sodium vapor with pump radiation in the range 16 450–17 360 cm−1 (608–576 nm) in the region of the 3S–3P transition. It was found that the conical structure of the scattered radiation, recorded earlier in the case of near-resonant excitation, was retained in a wide range of the tunable pump radiation frequency. The conical structure observed in the vicinity of two photon resonances of the pump frequency with the 3S–5S and 3S–4D transitions was determined not only by the scattered radiation, similar to that observed in the case of near-resonant excitation, but also by the radiation due to four-photon parametric scattering in the case of full phase matching between the interacting waves.
A detailed study on yellow conical emission observed in dense sodium vapor following near-resonant one-photon excitation of the Na 42P levels was performed. The origins of conical emission are suggested to be due to Raman resonant four-wave parametric mixing processes. In order to describe spectral and spatial features of off-axis emission, we introduce self-phase modulation and induced-phase modulation as important additional nonlinear processes, explaining the nonmonotonic detuning of the wavelength of the conical radiation with the exiting laser wavelength in the vicinity of resonance transitions. The spatial evolution of emission generated via four-wave mixing is modeled by solving the two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation describing the spatial evolution of light beams in a nonlinear media. Experimental and theoretical results are presented and discussed.
Two types of parametric four-wave mixing are observed when a single intense laser beam propagates through Na vapor near the D(1) and D(2) resonance lines. The first is related to three-photon scattering, while the second results from the coherent parametric interaction of the laser with excited-state Raman scattering. Identification of the two processes was greatly facilitated by the use of an optical multichannel detector system to observe the total emission spectrum for each individual laser pulse. The experimental conditions that determine whether stimulated emission or one or both of the four-wave mixing processes dominates the emission spectrum are described.
The propagation of a nearly resonant strong laser in Na vapor results in a number of non-linear optical processes such as parametric four-wave mixing (FWM), three-photon scattering (TPS), and Raman scattering.1 The Raman and TPS processes involve the emission of radiation at specific and unique frequencies determined by the detuning of the laser from the atomic resonance, δ, and the Rabi frequency, Ω. Parametric FWM, however, need only satisfy the condition that 2ωL = ω3+ ω4, and can occur over a broad range of frequencies. The frequency range is restricted only by the available gain for the FWM process. The gain depends strongly on the possibility of phase matching at the given frequencies involved in the interaction, as well as on nearly all of the experimental parameters such as relaxation rates (collisional and otherwise), Rabi frequencies, laser detuning, the length of the Na interaction region and the Na vapor pressure.
The, output of a pulsed dye-laser pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd: YAG laser is focused into a heat-pipe oven. The optical wave-mixing processes and parametric oscillations from two-photon excitation of 5d2DJ state in potassium vapor are investigated. Twenty-eight coherent lines within the range of 302-421 nm are generated. Splits and frequency shifts of the parametric oscillations and wavelengths and relative intensities of spectral lines in the wave-mixing processes are explained with a theoretical analysis based on the wave equation, atomic polarization and phase-match condition. The theoretical values are found to be in agreement with the experimental results.