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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Preparation of cluster states with endohedral fullerenes in single-walled carbon nanotubes

Yong Hu, Chunying Chen, W L Yang, Mei‐Ling Feng

Published Apr 27, 2012• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We propose two scalable methods for generation of cluster states with arrays of endohedral fullerenes N-15@C-60 residing in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using direct and indirect methods, respectively. The direct method makes use of a series of controlled-phase flip (CPF) gates by electron spin resonance pulses of selective frequencies and durations, where the CPF gates are realized by magnetic-dipole couplings between the electron spins of the nearest-neighbour fullerenes in SWCNTs. The indirect method resorts to auxiliary mobile electron as the flying qubit, which transfers quantum information from one site to another. This greatly releases the requirements for the distance between fullerenes in SWCNTs. The decoherence effect and experimental feasibility are also discussed based on currently available technology.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/45/10/105501

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We propose two scalable methods for generation of cluster states with arrays of endohedral fullerenes N-15@C-60 residing in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using direct and indirect methods, respectively. The direct method makes use of a series of controlled-phase flip (CPF) gates by electron spin resonance pulses of selective frequencies and durations, where the CPF gates are realized by magnetic-dipole couplings between the electron spins of the nearest-neighbour fullerenes in SWCNTs. The indirect method resorts to auxiliary mobile electron as the flying qubit, which transfers quantum information from one site to another. This greatly releases the requirements for the distance between fullerenes in SWCNTs. The decoherence effect and experimental feasibility are also discussed based on currently available technology.
We propose a potentially practical scheme, in combination with the Bell-state analyzer [X. L. Zhang et al., Phys. Rev. A 73, 014301 (2006)], to generate Bell states for two electron spins confined, respectively, to two distant C60{\mathrm{C}}_{60}C60​ fullerenes. To this end, we consider the endohedral fullerenes staying in single-walled carbon nanotubes and employ auxiliary mobile electrons and selective microwave pulses. The application and the experimental feasibility of our scheme are discussed.
A potential quantum-information processor is proposed using an array of the endohedral fullerenes 15N@C60^{15}\mathrm{N}@{\mathrm{C}}_{60}15N@C60​ or 31P@C60^{31}\mathrm{P}@{\mathrm{C}}_{60}31P@C60​ contained in a single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT). The qubits are encoded in the nuclear spins of the doped atoms, while the electronic spins are used for initialization and readout, as well as for two-qubit operations.
We propose a potentially practical scheme for quantum-information processing (QIP) with spatially distributed fullerene-caged electron spins using optical and microwave manipulations. Each doped fullerene located in a semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube is embedded in a two-mode optical cavity. The caged spins have long decoherence time and the optical manipulation makes sure short operational time. Compared to the conventional QIP proposals involving an array of fullerene-caged electron spins based on nearest-neighbor coupling, our scheme corresponds to a network which could much reduce overhead in implementing distant qubits. We discuss the experimental feasibility and challenge based on currently available techniques and we show the possibility of high-fidelity operations.
Hybrid carbon nanotube-fullerene architectures provide a controllable platform for studying irreversibility and information flow in structured quantum environments. We analyze entropy generation in a system where paramagnetic endohedral fullerenes, such as N@C60_{60}60​ and P@C60_{60}60​, are encapsulated inside a suspended carbon nanotube (CNT) resonator, with selected multi-level fullerene spin states forming an effective qubit coupled to quantized CNT flexural modes. Building on prior work on fullerene-filled CNTs, spin-phonon control in suspended nanotubes, and phase-space propagators for damped driven oscillators, we develop a hybrid open-system model combining driven quantum Brownian motion of the CNT with an effective Jaynes-Cummings spin-vibrational interaction. The resonator dynamics are represented by a Wigner function whose evolution is written analytically in terms of the initial Wigner distribution and a Gaussian propagator. This phase-space description separates drive-induced displacement, diffusion, and damping, and connects these processes directly to entropy flow. The coupled spin-mechanical dynamics are embedded in a Lindblad master equation including mechanical damping, spin relaxation, pure dephasing, and thermally activated excitation. Within this framework we derive the entropy balance, identify entropy flux and non-negative entropy production, and examine how spin-vibrational hybridization redistributes irreversibility between coherent exchange and dissipative channels. We show that magnetic-gradient-enhanced spin-phonon coupling, resonant driving, and moderate thermal occupation produce crossovers between oscillator-dominated and spin-dominated entropy-production regimes. The framework provides a basis for using CNT-PEF hybrids as nanoscale platforms to study nonequilibrium quantum thermodynamics, decoherence, and information loss in vibrational environments.
We propose two potentially practical schemes to carry out two-qubit quantum gates on endohedral fullerenes N@C60\mathrm{N}@{\mathrm{C}}_{60}N@C60​ or P@C60\mathrm{P}@{\mathrm{C}}_{60}P@C60​. The qubits are stored in electronic spin degrees of freedom of the doped atom N or P. By means of the magnetic dipolar coupling between two neighboring fullerenes, the two-qubit controlled-NOT gate and the two-qubit conditional phase gate are performed by selective microwave pulses assisted by the refocusing technique. We will discuss the necessary additional steps for the universality of our proposal. We will also show that our proposal is useful for both quantum gating and the readout of quantum information from the spin-based qubit state.
We propose an alternative concept for a scalable spin quantum computer that combines aspects of other proposals with the advantageous features of endohedral fullerenes. The key advantages are that electron spins instead of nuclear spins are used and that the manipulation of fullerene molecules is fairly easy. Qubits are set and read out via pulsed electron-spin resonance. Addressing is provided by local magnetic fields or field gradients (A(A(A gate). The qubit-qubit interaction is mediated by magnetic dipolar coupling and can be controlled via the direction of the magnetic field with respect to the distance vector of the qubits (J(J(J gate). Molecular as well as solid-state architectures are discussed.