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Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

Retrocausation acting in the single-electron double-slit interference experiment

Noboru Hokkyo

Published Aug 23, 2008• 5 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/j.shpsb.2008.05.001

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Evidence is given for Young-type interferences caused by a single electron acting on a given double-center scatterer analogous to an atomic-size double-slit system. The electron is provided by autoionization of a doubly excited He atom following the capture of the electrons of H2 by a He2+ incoming ion. The autoionizing projectile is a single-electron source, independent of the interferometer provided by the two H+ centers of the fully ionized H2 molecule. This experiment resembles the famous thought experiment imagined by Feynman in 1963, in which the quantum nature of the electron is illustrated from a Young-like double-slit experiment. Well-defined oscillations are visible in the angular distribution of the scattered electrons, showing that each electron interferes with itself.
Advanced electron microscopy technologies have made it possible to perform precise double-slit interference experiments. We used a 1.2-MV field emission electron microscope providing coherent electron waves and a direct detection camera system enabling single-electron detections at a sub-second exposure time. We developed a method to perform the interference experiment by using an asymmetric double-slit fabricated by a focused ion beam instrument and by operating the microscope under a "pre-Fraunhofer" condition, different from the Fraunhofer condition of conventional double-slit experiments. Here, pre-Fraunhofer condition means that each single-slit observation was performed under the Fraunhofer condition, while the double-slit observations were performed under the Fresnel condition. The interference experiments with each single slit and with the asymmetric double slit were carried out under two different electron dose conditions: high-dose for calculation of electron probability distribution and low-dose for each single electron distribution. Finally, we exemplified the distribution of single electrons by color-coding according to the above three types of experiments as a composite image.
We report on a theoretical study of the quantum interference behaviour of electron flow from a double-slit device made from a semiconductor two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) system with the slit widths in the quantum conductance regime. The device consists of a double slit and a single slit in a configuration where the single slit is placed on the source side of the double slit. The wavefunctions of electrons passing through the double-slit structure are calculated on the basis of a scattering matrix method. It is found that including a single slit between the double slit and the source contact in the device is essential for the observation of interference fringes of electron flow in a double-slit experiment with a 2DEG. When only the lowest mode is open for conduction in the individual slits, the interference patterns of electron flow from the double slit resemble the results of a conventional Young's double-slit experiment well. When several modes are open for conduction in the individual slits, the interference patterns of electron flow from the double slit are dominated by the interference of electrons flowing through the highest index open modes in the slits. As a result of the existence of multiple-lobe structures in electron flow from these high index open modes, these interference patterns, in general, show rather complex structures. We also discuss the characteristics of interference patterns in the near-and far-field regimes and the dependence of the fringe spacing on the slit distance in the double slit.