The quantum‐measurement problem and the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle are presented in the language of the Dirac formulation of the quantum theory. Particularly the relationship between quantum state prior to measurement and the result of the measurement are discussed. The relation between the indeterminacy principle and the analog between quantum and classical systems is presented, showing that this principle may be discussed independently of the wave‐particle duality. The importance of statistics in the treatment of many body systems is outlined and the approach to investigating God's interaction with human beings is discussed in this context. The treatment is nonmathematical.
The quantum‐measurement problem and the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle are presented in the language of the Dirac formulation of the quantum theory. Particularly the relationship between quantum state prior to measurement and the result of the measurement are discussed. The relation between the indeterminacy principle and the analog between quantum and classical systems is presented, showing that this principle may be discussed independently of the wave‐particle duality. The importance of statistics in the treatment of many body systems is outlined and the approach to investigating God's interaction with human beings is discussed in this context. The treatment is nonmathematical.
Abstract In this chapter, we review several experimental results which demonstrate so-called “quantum weirdness.” These results have shaped the development of, and the present form of, the quantum theory. We introduce the question of wave-particle duality. The importance of the Bohm-Aharonov effect for the consistency of the theory is emphasized. The relation between quantum mechanics and precision measurements is discussed. Quantum theory, despite the central role of uncertainty, allows measurements of with classically impossible precision.
The conceptual problems in quantum mechanics — related to the collapse of the wave function, the particle-wave duality, the meaning of measurement — arise from the need to ascribe particle character to the wave function. As will be shown, all these problems dissolve when working instead with quantum fields, which have both wave and particle character. Otherwise the predictions of quantum physics, including Bell's inequalities, coincide with those of the conventional treatments. The process of decoherence which governs the transfer of the results of the quantum measurement to the classical realm is also carefully discussed.
This paper presents a comprehensive treatement of the problem of measurement in microscopic physics, consistent with the indeterministic Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics and information theory. It is pointed out that there are serious difficulties in reconciling the deterministic interpretations of quantum mechanics, based on the concepts of a universal wave function or hidden variables, with the principle of contiguity. Quantum mechanics is reformulated entirely in terms of observables, represented by matrices, including the statistical matrix, and the utility of information theory is illustrated by a discussion of the EPR paradox. The principle of contiguity is satisfied by all conserved quantities. A theory of the operation of macroscopic measuring devices is given in the interaction repesentation, and the attenuation of the indeterminacy of a microscopic observable in the process of measurement is related to observable changes of entropy.
The paper describes the relation between quantum particles, consciousness, the unified field theory and relativity. According to Dirac, light can be treated as waves or particles. In fact, in quantum mechanics, particles are regarded as waves. The behaviour of these particles can be predicted, as it were, and, they are thus known as probability waves or Dirac wave particles. There is a wave/particle duality here. When the particle is not observed (when consciousness is not present), it remains a wave (a probability wave), but upon being observed (when consciousness is present) it becomes a particle. Hence, the evident importance of the part played by consciousness in quantum mechanics. A number of scientists had postulated that there must be a “cosmic consciousness” pervading the universe; objects spring into existence when measurements are made, measurements which are made by conscious beings, which implies that there must be cosmic consciousness that pervades the universe determining which state we are in - some scientists, e.g., Nobel laureate Eugene Wigner, had argued that this is proof of the existence of God or some cosmic consciousness. Wigner had remarked that it was not possible to formulate the laws of quantum theory in a fully consistent way without reference to consciousness. Consciousness or “mind-force” is evidently a potent force in nature. The mind is part, an indispensable part, of nature. Scientists such as David Bohm and Werner Heisenberg, as well as many other scientists, evidently understood this fundamental aspect. Classical philosophers such as Berkeley and Hume had wondered whether the existence of any object was independent of the existence of the mind or consciousness: If I had never seen (never been aware of) an object, does that object exist? Thus, even if a unified field theory or theory of everything were obtained, it will still not give a complete picture of nature if consciousness were excluded. There should therefore be a complementary General Theory of Consciousness. This General Theory of Consciousness will be a very important aspect in our search for the ultimate truth. Many scientists, e.g., David Bohm, Wolfgang Pauli, John von Neumann, Arthur Eddington, Roger Penrose, George Wald, etc., had declared that the universe is mind-stuff. The capabilities of the human mind are so unique that no intelligent
The laws of quantum mechanics were formulated in the year 1925 through the work of Werner Heisenberg, followed by Max Born, Pascual Jordan, Paul Dirac, and Wolfgang Pauli. A separate but equivalent approach was independently developed by Erwin Schrödinger in early 1926. The laws governing quantum mechanics were highly mathematical and their aim was to explain many unresolved problems within the framework of a formal theory. The conceptual foundation emerged in the subsequent 2–3 years that indicated how radically different the new laws were from classical physics. In this chapter some of these salient features of quantum mechanics are discussed. The topics include the quantization of energy, wave–particle duality, the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, Heisenberg uncertainty relations, Bohr’s principle of complementarity, and quantum superposition and entanglement. This discussion should indicate how different and counterintuitive its fundamentals are from those of classical physics.