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Journal of Optical Technology

Absorption of resonance radiation and fluorescence of a layer of an atomic gas with thickness of the order of a wavelength

G. Nikogosyan, David G. Sarkisyan, Yu. P. Malakyan

Published Sep 1, 2004• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The features of resonance fluorescence and absorption of resonance laser radiation in atomic vapors in a superthin cell with thickness L of the order of a wavelength lambda are investigated theoretically. Taking into account the Fabry-Perot interference effect, it is found that the dependence of the fluorescence and absorption spectra on the ratio L/lambda is substantially different. Coherent spectral narrowing - the Dicke effect - when L=(2n+1)lambda/2 and broadening of the spectral line when L = n lambda (n is a whole number) are observed in the absorption spectra. This effect is absent in the spector of resonance fluorescence in extended media. It is also shown that the processes of saturation and optical pumping significantly alter the spectral line shape as the laser intensity increases; in particular, additional sub-Doppler dips appear at the frequency of the atomic transitions. Calculated curves are given for the D2 lines of ^85Rb atoms. © 2004 Optical Society of America

DOI
10.1364/jot.71.000602

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•Oct 13, 2009•0 citations
The features of resonance fluorescence and absorption of resonance laser radiation in atomic vapors in a superthin cell with thickness L of the order of a wavelength lambda are investigated theoretically. Taking into account the Fabry-Perot interference effect, it is found that the dependence of the fluorescence and absorption spectra on the ratio L/lambda is substantially different. Coherent spectral narrowing - the Dicke effect - when L=(2n+1)lambda/2 and broadening of the spectral line when L = n lambda (n is a whole number) are observed in the absorption spectra. This effect is absent in the spector of resonance fluorescence in extended media. It is also shown that the processes of saturation and optical pumping significantly alter the spectral line shape as the laser intensity increases; in particular, additional sub-Doppler dips appear at the frequency of the atomic transitions. Calculated curves are given for the D2 lines of ^85Rb atoms. © 2004 Optical Society of America
Absorption and fluorescence in Rb sub-micron cell on D2 line have been studied when the thickness L varies in the range of 0.5 λ - 3.5 λ, and the laser intensity is 0.1 - 1 W/cm2 (λ = 780 nm, λL ~ 5 MHz). When L = (2n +1) λ/2 (n-integer) and I ~ 0.1 W/cm2, revival of peaks of Dicke-type coherent narrowing effect with some modification of the spectra (as compared with low intensity regime) are still observable. The experimental results obtained at I ~ 1 W/cm2 for L = λ/2 show that there are no "dips" of a reduced absorption in the spectra, though there is a strong spectral broadening of the absorption (and fluorescence), as well as a reduction of the absorption (in contrast, I ~ 1 mW/cm2 is sufficient to create the dips when L = λ). Probably, this is caused by a strong Dicke narrowing regime when L = λ/2. Several additional differences of fluorescence and absorption spectra behaviour at high intensities are revealed.
We compare the behavior of absorption and of resonance fluorescence spectra in an extremely thin Rb vapor cell as a function of the ratio of $L∕\ensuremath{\lambda}$, with LLL the cell thickness $(L\ensuremath{\sim}150--1800\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ the wavelength of the Rb D2{D}_{2}D2​ line $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=780\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mn})$. The Dicke-type coherent narrowing [G. Dutier et al., Europhys. Lett. 63, 35 (2003)] is observed only in transmission measurements, in the linear regime, with its typical collapse and revival, which reaches a maximum for $L=(2n+1)\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$ (nnn integer). It is shown not to appear in fluorescence, whose behavior-amplitude, and spectral width, is more monotonic with LLL. Conversely, at high-intensity, the sub-Doppler saturation effects are shown to be the most visible in transmission around $L=n\ensuremath{\lambda}$.
Absorption and fluorescent spectra are obtained in saturation regime of a single beam laser spectroscopy of Cesium D2 line, in a vapor layer with thickness close to the light wavelength. We compare experimentally and theoretically obtained spectra distinguishing between open and closed, in terms of optical pumping, hyperfine transitions. In absorption, we observe a persisting difference between open and closed transitions, in terms of Dicke narrowing, when increasing laser light intensity. In fluorescence, for open transitions we note saturation dips which do not change significantly when increasing intensity. In case of closed transition, a small feature at the fluorescence line center appears for relatively high light intensity.
Saturation effects affecting absorption and fluorescence spectra of an atomic vapor confined in an extremely thin cell (cell thickness $L<1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$) are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The study is performed on the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line $(\ensuremath{\lambda}=852\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ of Cs and concentrates on the two situations $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$ and $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, the most contrasted ones with respect to the length dependence of the coherent Dicke narrowing. For $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}∕2$, the Dicke-narrowed absorption profile simply broadens and saturates in amplitude when increasing the light intensity, while for $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, sub-Doppler dips of reduced absorption at the line-center appear on the broad absorption profile. For a fluorescence detection at $L=\ensuremath{\lambda}$, saturation induces narrow dips, but only for hyperfine components undergoing a population loss through optical pumping. These experimental results are interpreted with the help of the various existing models and are compared with numerical calculations based upon a two-level modeling that considers both a closed and an open system.
A new nano-cell with smoothly varying longitudinal thickness of the atomic vapour layer L in the range of 350 - 5100 nm allowing to study the resonant absorption of D1 and D2 lines of Cs atoms for thicknesses changing from L = Lambda/2 to L = 6 Lambda with the step of Lambda/2 (Lambda = 852 nm or 894 nm are the resonant laser wavelengths) and for different intensities is developed. It is revealed that for low laser intensities there is narrowing of the resonant absorption spectrum for the thicknesses L = (2n + 1)Lambda/2 (where n is an integer) up to L = 7Lambda /2 and broadening of the spectrum for L = n Lambda. For relatively high laser intensity (>1 mW/cm2), velocity selective optical pumping/saturated resonances of a reduced absorption (with the line-width close to the natural one), and centred on the hyperfine transitions occur when L = n Lambda. The possible application of these resonance peaks is given. The developed theoretical model describes well the experiment.
Comparison of the resonant absorption and fluorescence in the extremely thin cell (ETC) filled with pure Rb with another one filled with Rb and Neon gas with the pressures 6 Torr and 20 Torr is provided. The effect of the collapse and revival of Dicke-type narrowing is still observable for the thickness L=λ/2, and L=λ, where λ is a resonant laser wavelength 794 nm (D1 line of the Rb), i.e. the spectra of the resonant absorption and fluorescence demonstrate the sub-Doppler narrowing for the thickness L=λ/2 and broadening for the thickness L=λ. It is important to note, that in an ordinary Rb cell with the thickness L in the range of 1mm- 10 cm filled with buffer gas, with a pressure higher than 1 Torr in the Saturation Absorption scheme, any sub-Doppler features are absent. For L= λ the so called velocity selective optical pumping (VSOP) resonance located at the atomic transition is still observable when Ne pressure is 6 Torr , while the linewidth is increased by 4 times in comparison with that obtained in the pure Rb ETC. This VSOP resonance is wash out when Ne pressure is 20 Torr. It is demonstrated that use of the fluorescence spectra at L=λ/2 allows one to use the ETC for the buffer gas pressure measurement. Comparison with the theory is presented.