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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Off-diagonal long-range order in Laughlin’s states for particles obeying fractional statistics

Jainendra K. Jain, N. Read

Published Aug 1, 1989• 16 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Laughlin has proposed mean-field wave functions for particles obeying (1-1/J) fractional statistics where J is an integer. We demonstrate off-diagonal long-range order in these wave functions, which is closely related to the off-diagonal long-range order in the electronic wave functions corresponding to J completely filled Landau levels. The presence of off-diagonal long-range order signifies Bose condensation of bosonlike multiplets containing J particles. For J=2, which may be relevant to high-temperature superconductivity, our result implies Cooper pairing in Laughlin's wave function for half-fermions.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.40.2723

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Physical Review Letters•Oct 24, 1988•57 citations
Laughlin has proposed mean-field wave functions for particles obeying (1-1/J) fractional statistics where J is an integer. We demonstrate off-diagonal long-range order in these wave functions, which is closely related to the off-diagonal long-range order in the electronic wave functions corresponding to J completely filled Landau levels. The presence of off-diagonal long-range order signifies Bose condensation of bosonlike multiplets containing J particles. For J=2, which may be relevant to high-temperature superconductivity, our result implies Cooper pairing in Laughlin's wave function for half-fermions.
A new nonsingular mapping between bosons and fermions is introduced in connection with the fractional quantum Hall effect. The mapping connects a fermion system of filling ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{f}}$ to a boson system of filling ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{b}}$ through the relation ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{f}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$=${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{b}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$+1. The ground state of the boson system is shown to map accurately to that of the fermion system if and only if they are both incompressible quantum Hall states. The accuracy of the mapping is shown to be related to the validity of the mean-field theory. The relevance of this mapping to off-diagonal long-range order is discussed by numerically studying the binding of wave-function zeros to particle positions.
Noninteracting particles obeying certain fractional statistics have been predicted to exhibit superconductivity. We discuss the issue in an attractively interacting system of spinful semions on a lattice by numerically investigating the presence of off-diagonal long-range order at zero temperature. For this purpose we construct a Hubbard model wherein two semions with opposite spin can virtually coincide while maintaining consistency with the fractional braiding statistics. Clear off-diagonal long-range order is seen in the strong coupling limit, consistent with the expectation that a pair of semions obeys Bose statistics. We find that the semion system behaves similarly to a system of fermions with the same attractive Hubbard UUU interaction for a wide range of UUU, suggesting that semions also undergo a BCS to BEC crossover as a function of UUU.
A quantum system exhibits off-diagonal long-range order (ODLRO) when the largest eigenvalue of the one-body-density matrix scales as , where N is the total number of particles. Putting to define the scaling exponent , then corresponds to ODLRO and to the single-particle occupation of the density matrix orbitals. When , can be used to quantify deviations from ODLRO. In this paper we study the exponent in a variety of one-dimensional bosonic and anyonic quantum systems at T = 0. For the 1D Lieb-Liniger Bose gas we find that for small interactions is close to 1, implying a mesoscopic condensation, i.e. , a value of the zero temperature "condensate" fraction appreciable at finite values of N (as the ones in experiments with 1D ultracold atoms). 1D anyons provide the possibility to fully interpolate between and 0. The behaviour of for these systems is found to be non-monotonic both with respect to the coupling constant and the statistical parameter.
The confluence of quantum mechanics and complexity, which leads to the emergence of rich, exotic states of matter, motivates the extension of our concepts of quantum ordering. The twin concepts of spontaneously broken symmetry, described in terms of a Landau order parameter, and of off-diagonal long-range order (ODLRO), are fundamental to our understanding of phases of matter. In electronic matter it has long been assumed that Landau order parameters involve an even number of electron fields, with integer spin and even charge, that are bosons. On the other hand, in low-dimensional magnetism, operators are known to fractionalize so that the excitations carry spin-1/2. Motivated by experiment, mean-field theory and computational results, we extend the concept of ODLRO into the time domain, proposing that in a broken symmetry state, quantum operators can fractionalize into half-integer order parameters. Using numerical renormalization group studies we show how such fractionalized order can be induced in quantum impurity models. We then conjecture that such order develops spontaneously in lattice quantum systems, due to positive feedback, leading to a new family of phases, manifested by a coincidence of broken symmetry and fractionalized excitations that can be detected by experiment.
New trial wave functions corresponding to half filling quantum Hall states are proposed. These wave functions are constructed by first pairing up the quasielectrons of the 1/3 Laughlin quantum Hall state, with the same relative angular momentum for each pair, and then making the paired quasielectrons condense into a 1/4 Laughlin state. The quasiparticle excitations of the proposed wave functions carry ±1/4\pm1/4±1/4 of electron charge, and obey Abelian fractional statistics. In the spherical geometry, the total flux quanta NϕN_ϕNϕ​ is shown to be related to the number of electrons NNN by Nϕ=2N−(5−q)N_ϕ = 2N-(5-q)Nϕ​=2N−(5−q) with qqq being the relative angular momentum between the quasielectrons in each pair which takes values of non-negative even integers. The overlaps are calculated between the proposed trial wave functions, including the ground state, quasiexciton states, and quasihole states, and the exact states of the finite size systems at Nϕ=2N−3N_ϕ = 2N-3Nϕ​=2N−3. The near unity overlaps are obtained in the lowest Landau level, while the moderate overlaps are obtained in the second Landau level. The relevance of the wave functions to the yet to be discovered fractional quantum Hall effect in the lowest Landau level, as well as the 5/2 quantum Hall effect is also discussed.