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Physical Review Letters

Boson-fermion mapping and off-diagonal long-range order in fractional quantum Hall effect

Xin Xie, Song He, S. Das Sarma

Published Jan 1, 1991• 27 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new nonsingular mapping between bosons and fermions is introduced in connection with the fractional quantum Hall effect. The mapping connects a fermion system of filling ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{f}}$ to a boson system of filling ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{b}}$ through the relation ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{f}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$=${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{b}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$+1. The ground state of the boson system is shown to map accurately to that of the fermion system if and only if they are both incompressible quantum Hall states. The accuracy of the mapping is shown to be related to the validity of the mean-field theory. The relevance of this mapping to off-diagonal long-range order is discussed by numerically studying the binding of wave-function zeros to particle positions.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.66.389

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A new nonsingular mapping between bosons and fermions is introduced in connection with the fractional quantum Hall effect. The mapping connects a fermion system of filling \ensuremathνf{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{f}}\ensuremathνf​ to a boson system of filling \ensuremathνb{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{b}}\ensuremathνb​ through the relation \ensuremathνf\ensuremath−1{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{f}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}\ensuremathνf\ensuremath−1​=\ensuremathνb\ensuremath−1{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathit{b}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}\ensuremathνb\ensuremath−1​+1. The ground state of the boson system is shown to map accurately to that of the fermion system if and only if they are both incompressible quantum Hall states. The accuracy of the mapping is shown to be related to the validity of the mean-field theory. The relevance of this mapping to off-diagonal long-range order is discussed by numerically studying the binding of wave-function zeros to particle positions.
We demonstrate the existence of a novel type of off-diagonal long-range order in the fractional-quantum-Hall-effect (FQHE) ground state. This is revealed for the case of fractional filling factor \ensuremath{\nu}=1/m by application of Wilczek's ``anyon'' gauge transformation to attach m quantized flux tubes to each particle. The binding of the zeros of the wave function to the particles in the FQHE is a (2+1)-dimensional analog of oblique confinement in which a condensation occurs, not of ordinary particles, but rather of composite objects consisting of particles and gauge flux tubes.
A natural generalization of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle inequality holding for non-Hermitian operators is presented and applied to the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). This inequality was used in a previous paper to prove the absence of long-range order in the ground state of several one-dimensional (1D) systems with continuous-group symmetries. In this paper, we use it to rule out the occurrence of Bose-Einstein condensation in the bosonic representation of the FQHE wave function proposed by Girvin and MacDonald. We show that the absence of off-diagonal long-range order in this two-dimensional (2D) problem is directly connected with the q2{\mathit{q}}^{2}q2 behavior of the static structure function S(q) at small momenta.
Laughlin has proposed mean-field wave functions for particles obeying (1-1/J) fractional statistics where J is an integer. We demonstrate off-diagonal long-range order in these wave functions, which is closely related to the off-diagonal long-range order in the electronic wave functions corresponding to J completely filled Landau levels. The presence of off-diagonal long-range order signifies Bose condensation of bosonlike multiplets containing J particles. For J=2, which may be relevant to high-temperature superconductivity, our result implies Cooper pairing in Laughlin's wave function for half-fermions.
A recently developed hierarchy theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is reviewed in this article. We use a many quasiparticle (QP) wave function to obtain the effective partition function of a FQHE system in the path-integral representation, which has been shown to be formally equivalent to an anyon system confined to the lowest Landau level. However the two systems are different in the dimension of the Hilbert space, which implies that the standard hierarchy theory is invalid beyond second hierarchical states. The only way to overcome the difficulty is to place anyons in higher Landau levels. By making a mean-field approximation to the statistical gauge field, the QPs are converted to bosons and a constraint boson system is derived. We find a new type of condensate of the bosonic QPs, which results in a new type of incompressible states of the electrons. These states which involve only two hierarchies should have higher stability over others. That explains why some sequences of filling fractions occur prominently in experiment. Finally, we show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the new hierarchy theory and the composite fermion theory proposed by Jain.
We investigate the feasibility of many candidate quantum Hall states for two-component bosons in the lowest Landau level. We identify interactions for which spin-singlet incompressible states occur at filling factors $\ensuremath{\nu}=2/3$, 4/54/54/5, and 4/34/34/3, and partially spin-polarized states at filling factors 3/43/43/4 and 3/23/23/2, where ``spin'' serves as a generic label for the two components. We study ground states, excitations, edge states, and entanglement spectrum for systems with up to 16 bosons and construct explicit trial wave functions to clarify the underlying physics. The composite fermion theory very accurately describes the ground states as well as excitations at $\ensuremath{\nu}=2/3$, 4/54/54/5, and 3/43/43/4, although it is less satisfactory for the $\ensuremath{\nu}=3/2$ state. For $\ensuremath{\nu}=4/3$ a ``non-Abelian spin-singlet'' state, which is the exact ground state of a three-body contact interaction, has been proposed to occur even for a two-body contact interaction; our trial wave functions are very accurate for the excitations of the three-body interaction, but they do not describe the excitations of the two-body interaction very well. Instead, we find that the $\ensuremath{\nu}=4/3$ state is more likely to be a spin-singlet state of reverse-flux-attached composite fermions at filling ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}=4$. We also consider incompressible states at integral filling factors $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ and 2. The incompressible state at $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ is shown to be well described by the parton-based Jain spin-singlet wave function, and the incompressible state at $\ensuremath{\nu}=2$ as the spin-singlet state of reverse-flux-attached composite fermions at ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{*}=2$, which provides an example of the bosonic integer topological phase.