Physical Review A

Recoilless optical absorption and Doppler sidebands of a single trapped ion

Jonas Bergquist, Wayne M. Itano, David J. Wineland

Published Jul 1, 1987• 185 citations

Abstract

Spectroscopic measurements of the electric-quadrupole-allowed 5${d}^{10}$6s ${\mathrm{}}^{2}$${S}_{1/2}$ to 5${d}^{9}$6${s}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{}}^{2}$${D}_{5/2}$ transition near 282 nm on a single, laser-cooled ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}$ ion give a recoil-free absorption line (carrier) and well-resolved motional sidebands. From the intensity ratio of the sidebands to the carrier, the effective temperature of the ${\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}$ ion was determined to be near the theoretical minimum of 1.7 mK. A fractional resolution of better than 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$ for this ultraviolet transition is achieved.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.36.428

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Spectroscopy of the electric-quadrupole transition 2S1/2(F=0)–2D3/2(F=2) in trapped 171Yb+

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Sub-dekahertz Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of 199Hg+

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arXiv:physics/0007002Physical Review LettersSep 18, 2000265 citations

Optical sideband spectroscopy of a single ion in a Penning trap

Sandeep Mavadia, G. Stutter, Joseph F. Goodwin +3 more

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Resolved-Sideband Laser Cooling in a Penning Trap

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Precise Optical Spectroscopy with Ion Traps

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Cs-Based Frequency Measurement of a Single, Trapped Ion Transition in the Visible Region of the Spectrum

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Physical Review LettersApr 19, 1999128 citations

Physical Review A

Recoilless optical absorption and Doppler sidebands of a single trapped ion

Jonas Bergquist, Wayne M. Itano, David J. Wineland

Published Jul 1, 1987• 185 citations

Publisher

Abstract

Spectroscopic measurements of the electric-quadrupole-allowed 5

{d}^{10}

{\mathrm{}}^{2}$${S}_{1/2}

to 5

{d}^{9}

{s}^{2}

{\mathrm{}}^{2}$${D}_{5/2}

transition near 282 nm on a single, laser-cooled

{\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}

ion give a recoil-free absorption line (carrier) and well-resolved motional sidebands. From the intensity ratio of the sidebands to the carrier, the effective temperature of the

{\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}

ion was determined to be near the theoretical minimum of 1.7 mK. A fractional resolution of better than 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}

{10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}

for this ultraviolet transition is achieved.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.36.428

Related papers

Spectroscopy of the electric-quadrupole transition 2S1/2(F=0)–2D3/2(F=2) in trapped 171Yb+

Chr. Tamm, D. Engelke, V. Bühner

We experimentally demonstrate laser spectroscopy of the electric-quadrupole transition $6s{}^{2}{S}_{1/2}--5d{}^{2}{D}_{3/2}$ of a single trapped ${}^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$ ion. The probed transition has a natural linewidth of 3.1 Hz, and is at a wavelength of 435.5 nm. A ${}^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$ ion is laser cooled to the range of the Doppler limit in a radio-frequency Paul trap. The $F=0--{F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=2,$ ${m}_{{F}^{\ensuremath{'}}}=0$ hyperfine component of the ${}^{2}{S}_{1/2}{--}^{2}{D}_{3/2}$ transition is excited by a laser source whose frequency is controlled by an optical reference cavity of high intrinsic stability. The recoilless carrier component of the vibrational sideband spectrum is resolved with a minimum linewidth of approximately 80 Hz, corresponding to a fractional frequency resolution of $1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}.$ This resolution limit is attributed to laser frequency instability. The effective decoherence rates of the residual ion motion are inferred from the observation that the axial and two radial low-frequency first-order secular-vibration sidebands show minimum linewidths in the range of 0.2--1 kHz. Prospects for an optical frequency standard based on the investigated atomic system are discussed.We experimentally demonstrate laser spectroscopy of the electric-quadrupole transition $6s{}^{2}{S}_{1/2}--5d{}^{2}{D}_{3/2}$ of a single trapped ${}^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$ ion. The probed transition has a natural linewidth of 3.1 Hz, and is at a wavelength of 435.5 nm. A ${}^{171}\mathrm{Yb}$ ion is laser cooled to the range of the Doppler limit in a radio-frequency Paul trap. The $F=0--{F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=2,$ ${m}_{{F}^{\ensuremath{'}}}=0$ hyperfine component of the ${}^{2}{S}_{1/2}{--}^{2}{D}_{3/2}$ transition is excited by a laser source whose frequency is controlled by an optical reference cavity of high intrinsic stability. The recoilless carrier component of the vibrational sideband spectrum is resolved with a minimum linewidth of approximately 80 Hz, corresponding to a fractional frequency resolution of $1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}.$ This resolution limit is attributed to laser frequency instability. The effective decoherence rates of the residual ion motion are inferred from the observation that the axial and two radial low-frequency first-order secular-vibration sidebands show minimum linewidths in the range of 0.2--1 kHz. Prospects for an optical frequency standard based on the investigated atomic system are discussed.

Physical Review AApr 10, 200096 citations

Sub-dekahertz Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of 199Hg+

Robert J. Rafac, Brent C. Young, James A. Beall +3 more

Using a laser that is frequency locked to a Fabry-P\'erot \'etalon of high finesse and stability, we probe the ${5d}^{10}6s^{2}S_{1/2}(F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{5d}^{9}{6s}^{2}^{2}D_{5/2}(F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2)$ $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{F}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$ electric-quadrupole transition of a single laser-cooled ${}^{199}{\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}$ ion stored in a cryogenic radio-frequency ion trap. We observe Fourier-transform limited linewidths as narrow as 6.7 Hz at 282 nm ( $1.06\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$), yielding a line $Q\ensuremath{\approx}1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$. We perform a preliminary measurement of the ${5d}^{9}{6s}^{2}^{2}D_{5/2}$ electric-quadrupole shift due to interaction with the static fields of the trap, and discuss the implications for future trapped-ion optical frequency standards.Using a laser that is frequency locked to a Fabry-P\'erot \'etalon of high finesse and stability, we probe the ${5d}^{10}6s^{2}S_{1/2}(F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0)\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{5d}^{9}{6s}^{2}^{2}D_{5/2}(F\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2)$ $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{F}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0$ electric-quadrupole transition of a single laser-cooled ${}^{199}{\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}$ ion stored in a cryogenic radio-frequency ion trap. We observe Fourier-transform limited linewidths as narrow as 6.7 Hz at 282 nm ( $1.06\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$), yielding a line $Q\ensuremath{\approx}1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$. We perform a preliminary measurement of the ${5d}^{9}{6s}^{2}^{2}D_{5/2}$ electric-quadrupole shift due to interaction with the static fields of the trap, and discuss the implications for future trapped-ion optical frequency standards.

arXiv:physics/0007002Physical Review LettersSep 18, 2000265 citations

Optical sideband spectroscopy of a single ion in a Penning trap

Sandeep Mavadia, G. Stutter, Joseph F. Goodwin +3 more

We perform resolved optical sideband spectroscopy on a single 40Ca+ ion in a Penning trap. We probe the electric quadrupole allowed S1/2↔D5/2 transition at 729 nm and observe equally spaced sidebands for the three motional modes. The axial mode, parallel to the trap axis, is a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, whereas the radial cyclotron and magnetron modes are circular motions perpendicular to the magnetic field. The total energy associated with the magnetron motion is negative, but here we probe only the (positive) kinetic energy. From the equivalent Doppler widths of the sideband spectra corresponding to the three motions we find effective temperatures of 1.1±0.2 mK, 7±3 mK, and 42±8 μK for the axial, modified cyclotron, and magnetron modes, respectively. These should be compared to the cooling limits, estimated using optimal laser parameters, of 0.38 mK, 0.8 mK, and ∼10 μK. In future work we aim to perform resolved-sideband cooling of the ion on the 729-nm transition.Received 3 December 2013DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.89.032502©2014 American Physical SocietyWe perform resolved optical sideband spectroscopy on a single 40Ca+ ion in a Penning trap. We probe the electric quadrupole allowed S1/2↔D5/2 transition at 729 nm and observe equally spaced sidebands for the three motional modes. The axial mode, parallel to the trap axis, is a one-dimensional harmonic oscillator, whereas the radial cyclotron and magnetron modes are circular motions perpendicular to the magnetic field. The total energy associated with the magnetron motion is negative, but here we probe only the (positive) kinetic energy. From the equivalent Doppler widths of the sideband spectra corresponding to the three motions we find effective temperatures of 1.1±0.2 mK, 7±3 mK, and 42±8 μK for the axial, modified cyclotron, and magnetron modes, respectively. These should be compared to the cooling limits, estimated using optimal laser parameters, of 0.38 mK, 0.8 mK, and ∼10 μK. In future work we aim to perform resolved-sideband cooling of the ion on the 729-nm transition.Received 3 December 2013DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.89.032502©2014 American Physical Society

Physical Review AMar 6, 201429 citations

Resolved-Sideband Laser Cooling in a Penning Trap

Joseph F. Goodwin, G. Stutter, Richard Claude Thompson +1 more

We report the laser cooling of a single ${^{40}\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ ion in a Penning trap to the motional ground state in one dimension. Cooling is performed in the strong binding limit on the 729-nm electric quadrupole ${S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{D}_{5/2}$ transition, broadened by a quench laser coupling the ${D}_{5/2}$ and ${P}_{3/2}$ levels. We find the final ground-state occupation to be 98(1)%. We measure the heating rate of the trap to be very low with $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{\overline{n}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.3(2)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for trap frequencies from 150--400 kHz, consistent with the large ion-electrode distance.We report the laser cooling of a single ${^{40}\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ ion in a Penning trap to the motional ground state in one dimension. Cooling is performed in the strong binding limit on the 729-nm electric quadrupole ${S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{D}_{5/2}$ transition, broadened by a quench laser coupling the ${D}_{5/2}$ and ${P}_{3/2}$ levels. We find the final ground-state occupation to be 98(1)%. We measure the heating rate of the trap to be very low with $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{\overline{n}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.3(2)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for trap frequencies from 150--400 kHz, consistent with the large ion-electrode distance.

arXiv:1407.6121Physical Review LettersApr 6, 201668 citations

Precise Optical Spectroscopy with Ion Traps

Wayne M. Itano, Jonas Bergquist, Randall G. Hulet +1 more

We have used stored ion methods to improve resolution and sensitivity in optical spectroscopy. Single atomic ions have been confined by electric and magnetic fields, cooled by laser radiation pressure to temperatures on the order of 1 mK, and probed spectroscopically with narrowband lasers. The absorption resonance of a single Hg + ion has been observed by a decrease in the transmitted light intensity. An ultraviolet transition in Hg + has been observed with a linewidth of only 30 kHz. Quantum jumps to and from metastable levels of Hg + have been observed and used to determine radiative decay rates and to infer the existence of photon antibunching. Quantum jumps have also been observed in single Mg + ions.We have used stored ion methods to improve resolution and sensitivity in optical spectroscopy. Single atomic ions have been confined by electric and magnetic fields, cooled by laser radiation pressure to temperatures on the order of 1 mK, and probed spectroscopically with narrowband lasers. The absorption resonance of a single Hg + ion has been observed by a decrease in the transmitted light intensity. An ultraviolet transition in Hg + has been observed with a linewidth of only 30 kHz. Quantum jumps to and from metastable levels of Hg + have been observed and used to determine radiative decay rates and to infer the existence of photon antibunching. Quantum jumps have also been observed in single Mg + ions.

Physica ScriptaJan 1, 198821 citations

Cs-Based Frequency Measurement of a Single, Trapped Ion Transition in the Visible Region of the Spectrum

J. E. Bernard, Alan A. Madej, L. Marmet +3 more

An optical frequency chain referenced to a Cs atomic clock has been used to measure directly the frequency of the electric quadrupole allowed $5s^{2}S_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}4d^{2}D_{5/2}$ transition at 445 THz in a single, trapped, and laser cooled ${}^{88}{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}$ ion. A transition frequency, ${f}_{S\ensuremath{-}D}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}444779044095.4\mathrm{kHz}$ with an estimated standard uncertainty of 0.2 kHz has been determined. Intrinsic offsets of the probed ion transition in the current experiment are calculated to be at the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ level.An optical frequency chain referenced to a Cs atomic clock has been used to measure directly the frequency of the electric quadrupole allowed $5s^{2}S_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}4d^{2}D_{5/2}$ transition at 445 THz in a single, trapped, and laser cooled ${}^{88}{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}$ ion. A transition frequency, ${f}_{S\ensuremath{-}D}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}444779044095.4\mathrm{kHz}$ with an estimated standard uncertainty of 0.2 kHz has been determined. Intrinsic offsets of the probed ion transition in the current experiment are calculated to be at the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ level.

Physical Review LettersApr 19, 1999128 citations

Spectroscopic measurements of the electric-quadrupole-allowed 5

{d}^{10}

{\mathrm{}}^{2}$${S}_{1/2}

to 5

{d}^{9}

{s}^{2}

{\mathrm{}}^{2}$${D}_{5/2}

transition near 282 nm on a single, laser-cooled

{\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}

ion give a recoil-free absorption line (carrier) and well-resolved motional sidebands. From the intensity ratio of the sidebands to the carrier, the effective temperature of the

{\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}

ion was determined to be near the theoretical minimum of 1.7 mK. A fractional resolution of better than 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}

{10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}

for this ultraviolet transition is achieved.

We experimentally demonstrate laser spectroscopy of the electric-quadrupole transition

6s{}^{2}{S}_{1/2}--5d{}^{2}{D}_{3/2}

of a single trapped

{}^{171}\mathrm{Yb}

ion. The probed transition has a natural linewidth of 3.1 Hz, and is at a wavelength of 435.5 nm. A

{}^{171}\mathrm{Yb}

ion is laser cooled to the range of the Doppler limit in a radio-frequency Paul trap. The $F=0--{F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=2,$ ${m}_{{F}^{\ensuremath{'}}}=0$ hyperfine component of the

{}^{2}{S}_{1/2}{--}^{2}{D}_{3/2}

transition is excited by a laser source whose frequency is controlled by an optical reference cavity of high intrinsic stability. The recoilless carrier component of the vibrational sideband spectrum is resolved with a minimum linewidth of approximately 80 Hz, corresponding to a fractional frequency resolution of $1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}.$ This resolution limit is attributed to laser frequency instability. The effective decoherence rates of the residual ion motion are inferred from the observation that the axial and two radial low-frequency first-order secular-vibration sidebands show minimum linewidths in the range of 0.2--1 kHz. Prospects for an optical frequency standard based on the investigated atomic system are discussed.

{}^{199}{\mathrm{Hg}}^{+}

ion stored in a cryogenic radio-frequency ion trap. We observe Fourier-transform limited linewidths as narrow as 6.7 Hz at 282 nm ( $1.06\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hz}$), yielding a line $Q\ensuremath{\approx}1.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$. We perform a preliminary measurement of the ${5d}^{9}{6s}^{2}^{2}D_{5/2}$ electric-quadrupole shift due to interaction with the static fields of the trap, and discuss the implications for future trapped-ion optical frequency standards.

We report the laser cooling of a single

{^{40}\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}

ion in a Penning trap to the motional ground state in one dimension. Cooling is performed in the strong binding limit on the 729-nm electric quadrupole ${S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}{D}_{5/2}$ transition, broadened by a quench laser coupling the

{D}_{5/2}

and

{P}_{3/2}

levels. We find the final ground-state occupation to be 98(1)%. We measure the heating rate of the trap to be very low with $\stackrel{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \textperiodcentered \fi{}}{\overline{n}}\ensuremath{\approx}0.3(2)\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for trap frequencies from 150--400 kHz, consistent with the large ion-electrode distance.

{}^{88}{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}

ion. A transition frequency, ${f}_{S\ensuremath{-}D}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}444779044095.4\mathrm{kHz}$ with an estimated standard uncertainty of 0.2 kHz has been determined. Intrinsic offsets of the probed ion transition in the current experiment are calculated to be at the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ level.