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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

Transfer matrix approach to the three-dimensional Ising model

Philippe Audit

Published Jun 1, 1987• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The (111) plane to (111) plane transfer matrix of the Ising model on a simple cubic lattice is obtained in a simple product form by using a purpose-built matrix product previously defined by this author. As a first application of this theoretical result, the exact analytic expression of the partition function of an Ising model on a 2*2* infinity lattice is derived.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/20/8/031

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In the algebraic formulation of the Ising model, the partition function is expressed as the trace of a power VM of the transfer operator V, or equivalently, as the sum of Mth powers of the eigenvalues of V. In the derivations of Kaufman, Onsager, and more recently of Schultz, Mattis, and Lieb (SML), the transfer operator is first reduced to a more amenable form for computation and then, in principle at least, diagonalized. For the infinite lattice, only the largest eigenvalue of V is needed, and this is all Onsager and SML compute. Kaufman finds all the eigenvalues and is thus able to write down the partition function for the finite lattice. In the present work we give an alternative derivation of the SML form for V, and show how the Kaufman result can be obtained from this form without actual diagonalization. Instead of diagonalizing V, the evaluation of the trace is done directly after assigning a simple representation to V.

Journal of Mathematical Physics•Sep 1, 1965•6 citations
The (111) plane to (111) plane transfer matrix of the Ising model on a simple cubic lattice is obtained in a simple product form by using a purpose-built matrix product previously defined by this author. As a first application of this theoretical result, the exact analytic expression of the partition function of an Ising model on a 22 infinity lattice is derived.
Our aim is to investigate the critical behaviour of lattice spin models such as the three-dimensional Ising model in the thermodynamic limit. The exact partition functions (typically summed over the order of 1075 states) for finite simple cubic Ising lattices are computed using a transfer matrix approach. Q-state Potts model partition functions on two- and three-dimensional lattices are also computed and analysed. Our results are analysed as distributions of zeros of the partition function in the complex-temperature plane. We then look at sequences of such distributions for sequences of lattices approaching the thermodynamic limit. For a controlled comparison, we show how a sequence of zero distributions for finite 2d Ising lattices tends to Onsager’s thermodynamic solution. Via such comparisons, we find evidence to suggest, for example, a thermodynamic limit singular point in the behaviour of the specific heat of the 3d Ising model.
The numerical transfer matrix for the partition function of discrete lattice models is generalized to allow the calculation of the density of states \ensuremath{\Omega}(E), and the restricted density of states \ensuremath{\Omega}(E,M). Given \ensuremath{\Omega}(E,M) the partition function is expressed as a polynomial in the variables x=${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}\mathit{h}}$ and y=${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$. These algorithms are illustrated with calculations for the Ising model on finite square lattices. The zeros of the partition function are examined in both the complex x and y planes. Finite size scaling analysis of the zeros leads to very accurate estimates for the critical temperature and critical exponents.
In the algebraic formulation of the Ising model, the partition function is expressed as the trace of a power VM of the transfer operator V, or equivalently, as the sum of Mth powers of the eigenvalues of V. In the derivations of Kaufman, Onsager, and more recently of Schultz, Mattis, and Lieb (SML), the transfer operator is first reduced to a more amenable form for computation and then, in principle at least, diagonalized. For the infinite lattice, only the largest eigenvalue of V is needed, and this is all Onsager and SML compute. Kaufman finds all the eigenvalues and is thus able to write down the partition function for the finite lattice. In the present work we give an alternative derivation of the SML form for V, and show how the Kaufman result can be obtained from this form without actual diagonalization. Instead of diagonalizing V, the evaluation of the trace is done directly after assigning a simple representation to V.