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Journal de physique

On the use of different matrix products to solve finite three-dimensional Ising systems

Ph. Audit

Published Jan 1, 1986• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new matrix product is defined and used in connection with three other well-known matrix products in order to derive analytical solutions of finite three-dimensional Ising systems. As an example, the exact partition function of the periodic anisotropic 2 x 2 x 2 lattice in a field is evaluated from which analytical expressions for the magnetization and the specific heat of this system follow.

DOI
10.1051/jphys:019860047070111900

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A new matrix product is defined and used in connection with three other well-known matrix products in order to derive analytical solutions of finite three-dimensional Ising systems. As an example, the exact partition function of the periodic anisotropic 2 x 2 x 2 lattice in a field is evaluated from which analytical expressions for the magnetization and the specific heat of this system follow.
There is no an exact solution to three-dimensional (3D) finite-size Ising model (referred to as the Ising model hereafter for simplicity) and even two-dimensional (2D) Ising model with non-zero external field to our knowledge. Here by using an elementary but rigorous method, we obtain an exact solution to the partition function of the Ising model with NNN lattice sites. It is a sum of 2N2^N2N exponential functions and holds for DDD-dimensional (D=1,2,3,...D=1,2,3,...D=1,2,3,...) Ising model with or without the external field. This solution provides a new insight into the problem of the Ising model and the related difficulties, and new understanding of the classic exact solutions for one-dimensional (1D) (Kramers and Wannier, 1941) or 2D Ising model (Onsager, 1944). With this solution, the specific heat and magnetisation of a simple 3D Ising model are calculated, which are consistent with the results from experiments and/or numerical simulations. Furthermore, the solution here and the related approaches, can also be available to other models like the percolation and/or the Potts model.
The three-dimensional Ising model in a zero external field is exactly solved by operator algebras, similar to the Onsager’s approach in two dimensions. The partition function of the simple cubic crystal imposed by the periodic boundary condition along two directions and the screw boundary condition along the third direction is calculated rigorously. In the thermodynamic limit an integral replaces a sum in the formula of the partition function. The critical temperatures, at which order–disorder transitions in the infinite crystal occur along three axis directions, are determined. The analytical expressions for the internal energy and the specific heat are also presented.
Our aim is to investigate the critical behaviour of lattice spin models such as the three-dimensional Ising model in the thermodynamic limit. The exact partition functions (typically summed over the order of 1075 states) for finite simple cubic Ising lattices are computed using a transfer matrix approach. Q-state Potts model partition functions on two- and three-dimensional lattices are also computed and analysed. Our results are analysed as distributions of zeros of the partition function in the complex-temperature plane. We then look at sequences of such distributions for sequences of lattices approaching the thermodynamic limit. For a controlled comparison, we show how a sequence of zero distributions for finite 2d Ising lattices tends to Onsager’s thermodynamic solution. Via such comparisons, we find evidence to suggest, for example, a thermodynamic limit singular point in the behaviour of the specific heat of the 3d Ising model.