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Review of Scientific Instruments

High-temperature high-pressure all-metal pulsed source of van der Waals dimers: Towards the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment

Tomasz Urbańczyk, J. Koperski

Published Aug 1, 2012• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An all-metal pulsed source of van der Waals (vdW) dimers was constructed; it operates at temperatures up to 1000 K and carrier gas stagnation pressures up to 10 bars. Performance of the source was demonstrated in the production and spectroscopy of both CdAr and Cd(2) molecules in a supersonic beam expansion. Simulation of the recorded laser induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectra using the B(3)1(5(3)P(1)) ← X(1)0(+)(5(1)S(0)) and b(3)0(u)(+)(5(3)P(1))←X(1)0(g)(+)(5(1)S(0)) transitions in CdAr and Cd(2), respectively, showed that these molecules were produced with a rotational temperature in the range from 3 K to 19 K. The source was incorporated into an experimental set-up dedicated to the realization of Bohm's spin-1/2 particle version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment for ((111)Cd)(2) molecules.

DOI
10.1063/1.4747274

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An all-metal pulsed source of van der Waals (vdW) dimers was constructed; it operates at temperatures up to 1000 K and carrier gas stagnation pressures up to 10 bars. Performance of the source was demonstrated in the production and spectroscopy of both CdAr and Cd(2) molecules in a supersonic beam expansion. Simulation of the recorded laser induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectra using the B(3)1(5(3)P(1)) ← X(1)0(+)(5(1)S(0)) and b(3)0(u)(+)(5(3)P(1))←X(1)0(g)(+)(5(1)S(0)) transitions in CdAr and Cd(2), respectively, showed that these molecules were produced with a rotational temperature in the range from 3 K to 19 K. The source was incorporated into an experimental set-up dedicated to the realization of Bohm's spin-1/2 particle version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment for ((111)Cd)(2) molecules.
Stable van der Waals clusters of tryptophan molecules, (Trp) n , of up to n=5, were produced in a seeded supersonic beam expansion from a laser desorption nozzle source. Translational beam temperatures of van der Waals tryptophan clusters were measured using a fast optical imaging device. Estimated beam temperatures in carrier argon gas were 27 K for tryptophan dimers (n=2) and 41 K for tryptophan trimers (n=3). A preliminary experiment showed that no significant difference was observed in the yield of van der Waals clusters for L-, D- and racemic-tryptophan molecules.
By spectroscopically analyzing the white light and laser-induced fluorescence excited in a nozzle beam of Na2 molecules, we have measured the population distribution of the (v,J) levels of the ground state. The Na2 molecules are produced in nozzle beams with various stagnation pressures (50–240 torr) of alkali metal and with nozzles of different throat diameters (0.12–0.50 mm). We find at a stagnation pressure of 50 torr and a nozzle diameter of 0.5 mm a Boltzmann distribution characterized by a vibrational temperature of 153 ± 5°K and a rotational temperature of 55± 10°K. Beams under different stagnation conditions have essentially the same internal state distribution. Studies of K2 dimers produced in a nozzle beam with various stagnation pressures (20–300 torr) and a 0.25 mm nozzle throat diameter also show cooling in both vibrational and rotational modes. A search is made for atomic fluorescence arising from the photodissociation of dimers in high vibrational levels of the ground state. No evidence is found for the presence of vibrationally-excited dimers in the nozzle beam.
Spectroscopy of alkali-metal--buffer-gas mixtures at high pressures from single-digit to several hundred bars in the regime of substantial collisional broadening is relevant in a wide range of fields, ranging from collisional redistribution cooling to laboratory astrophysics. Here we report on spectroscopic measurements of dense rubidium--noble-gas mixtures recorded in a pressure cell equipped with soldered sapphire optical viewports, which allows for the controlled realization of extreme conditions of high temperature and high pressure in a table top laboratory experiment. In the gas cell, we have recorded absorption and emission spectra of rubidium subject to 188 bars of helium buffer-gas pressure at 548-K temperature. The spectra to good accuracy follow a Boltzmann-type Kennard-Stepanov frequency scaling of the ratio of absorption and emission spectral profiles. Further, the long optical path length in the cell allowed us to both record spectra of rubidium-argon mixtures at moderate temperatures and high pressures and observe redistributional laser cooling in this system.
We have developed a pulsed supersonic beam of slow, cold YbF molecular radicals with an intensity of 1.4 × 10 9 YbF molecules per steradian per pulse in the X 2 Σ + ( v = 0, N = 0) ground state. The translational and rotational temperatures of the beam are equal. The lowest temperature produced was 1.4 K and the slowest centre-of-mass velocity was 290 K. We show that YbF can be made either by ablating Yb metal into a fluorine-bearing carrier gas or by ablating solid precursors into a pure inert carrier gas. This source is suitable for injecting a molecule decelerator and for high-resolution laser-rf-double-resonance studies such as the measurement of the electron electric dipole moment.