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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

Formation of van der Waals Tryptophan Clusters in Seeded Beam Expansion

Tatsuo Arikawa, Hisayuki YAZAWA

Published Apr 1, 1996• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Stable van der Waals clusters of tryptophan molecules, (Trp) n , of up to n=5, were produced in a seeded supersonic beam expansion from a laser desorption nozzle source. Translational beam temperatures of van der Waals tryptophan clusters were measured using a fast optical imaging device. Estimated beam temperatures in carrier argon gas were 27 K for tryptophan dimers (n=2) and 41 K for tryptophan trimers (n=3). A preliminary experiment showed that no significant difference was observed in the yield of van der Waals clusters for L-, D- and racemic-tryptophan molecules.

DOI
10.1143/jjap.35.2332

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Stable van der Waals clusters of tryptophan molecules, (Trp) n , of up to n=5, were produced in a seeded supersonic beam expansion from a laser desorption nozzle source. Translational beam temperatures of van der Waals tryptophan clusters were measured using a fast optical imaging device. Estimated beam temperatures in carrier argon gas were 27 K for tryptophan dimers (n=2) and 41 K for tryptophan trimers (n=3). A preliminary experiment showed that no significant difference was observed in the yield of van der Waals clusters for L-, D- and racemic-tryptophan molecules.
Supersonic expansions of pure and seeded rare gases have been investigated experimentally, measuring the translational and rotational temperatures. The lowest achievable translational temperature in the jet depends on both gas properties as well as on experimental boundary conditions like nozzle shape and nozzle–skimmer distance. We show that there is a limit to the lowest temperature achieved, under practical conditions, set by condensation in the jet. A large cluster binding energy enhances the formation of clusters and they release their condensation energy into the beam. The spatial confinement of the jet extends to long distances, and is sensitive to the shape of the nozzle. The confined jet forms a narrow cone of high intensity, and results in increased collision probability and cluster formation.
An all-metal pulsed source of van der Waals (vdW) dimers was constructed; it operates at temperatures up to 1000 K and carrier gas stagnation pressures up to 10 bars. Performance of the source was demonstrated in the production and spectroscopy of both CdAr and Cd(2) molecules in a supersonic beam expansion. Simulation of the recorded laser induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectra using the B(3)1(5(3)P(1)) ← X(1)0(+)(5(1)S(0)) and b(3)0(u)(+)(5(3)P(1))←X(1)0(g)(+)(5(1)S(0)) transitions in CdAr and Cd(2), respectively, showed that these molecules were produced with a rotational temperature in the range from 3 K to 19 K. The source was incorporated into an experimental set-up dedicated to the realization of Bohm's spin-1/2 particle version of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment for ((111)Cd)(2) molecules.
We report on the direct measurement in real space of the effect of the van der Waals forces between individual Rydberg atoms on their external degrees of freedom. Clusters of Rydberg atoms with interparticle distances of around $5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ are created by first generating a small number of seed excitations in a magneto-optical trap, followed by off-resonant excitation that leads to a chain of facilitated excitation events. After a variable expansion time the Rydberg atoms are field ionized, and from the arrival time distributions the size of the Rydberg cluster after expansion is calculated. Our experimental results agree well with a numerical simulation of the van der Waals explosion.
We have used laser ablation and helium buffer-gas cooling to produce titanium-helium van der Waals molecules at cryogenic temperatures. The molecules were detected through laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Ground-state Ti(a^{3}F_{2})-He binding energies were determined for the ground and first rotationally excited states from studying equilibrium thermodynamic properties, and found to agree well with theoretical calculations based on newly calculated ab initio Ti-He interaction potentials, opening up novel possibilities for studying the formation, dynamics, and nonuniversal chemistry of van der Waals clusters at low temperatures.
Supersonic expansion is a very powerful tool to produce an atomic beam with a well defined velocity and, by seeding a test gas in such an expansion, the energy of the test gas can be transferred, at least partially, to the very-low-temperature carrier gas. The case usually studied is the one of a heavy gas seeded in a light carrier gas and, in this case, the parallel temperature of the seeded gas is always larger than the one of the carrier gas. In the present paper, we study the opposite case which has received less attention: when a light gas is seeded in a heavier carrier gas, the parallel temperature can be substantially lower for the seeded gas than for the carrier gas. This effect has been first observed by Campargue and co-workers in 2000, in the case of atomic oxygen seeded in argon. In the present paper, we develop a theoretical analysis of this effect, in the high dilution limit, and we compare our theoretical results to several experimental observations, including a set of measurements we have made on a beam of lithium seeded in argon. The agreement between theory and experiments is good.