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Physical Review A

Collective two-particle resonances induced by photon entanglement

Marten Richter, Shaul Mukamel

Published Jun 8, 2011• 24 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An assembly of noninteracting atoms may become correlated upon interaction with entangled photons, and certain elements of their joint density matrix can then show collective resonances. We explore experimental signatures of these resonances in the nonlinear response of a pair of two-level atoms. We find that these resonances are canceled out in stimulated signals such as pump-probe and two-photon absorption due to the destructive interference of two-photon-absorption and emission pathways in the joint two-particle space. However, they may be observed in photon statistics (Hanbury-Brown--Twiss) measurements through the attenuation of two-time intensity correlations.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.83.063805

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An assembly of noninteracting atoms may become correlated upon interaction with entangled photons, and certain elements of their joint density matrix can then show collective resonances. We explore experimental signatures of these resonances in the nonlinear response of a pair of two-level atoms. We find that these resonances are canceled out in stimulated signals such as pump-probe and two-photon absorption due to the destructive interference of two-photon-absorption and emission pathways in the joint two-particle space. However, they may be observed in photon statistics (Hanbury-Brown--Twiss) measurements through the attenuation of two-time intensity correlations.
Two uncoupled two-level atoms cannot be jointly excited by classical light under general circumstances, due to destructive interference of excitation pathways in two-photon absorption. However, with temporally entangled light, two-atom excitation is shown possible. Photons arising from three-level cascade decay are intrinsically ordered in time of emission. This field correlation induces a joint resonance in the two-atom excitation probability via suppression of one of the time-ordered excitation pathways. The relative gain in two-photon absorption increases with the time-frequency entanglement.
The two-photon absorption by a pair of two-level atoms interacting with an incident field is examined. If the laser field is weak, then the existence of the dipole-dipole interaction-induced two-photon resonance follows from the higher-order Fermi golden rule. The effects of spontaneous emission and intense fields on the dipole-dipole interaction-induced two-photon resonance is studied using density-matrix methods. The presence of an intense field is shown to result in a significant enhancement of the two-photon resonance. Numerical results for the probability of simultaneous excitation of two atoms, for the atomic correlations, and for the radiated field intensity are presented.
Interference of two beams produced at separate biphoton sources was first observed more than two decades ago. The phenomenon, often called coherence without induced emission, has recently gained attention after its applications to imaging, spectroscopy, and measuring biphoton correlations have been discovered. The sources used in the corresponding experiments are nonlinear crystals pumped by laser light. The use of a laser pump makes the occurrence of induced (stimulated) emission unavoidable and the effect of stimulated emission can be observed in the joint detection rate of the two beams. This fact raises the question whether the stimulated emission also lays a role in inducing the coherence. Here we investigate a case in which the crystals are pumped with a single-photon Fock state. We find that coherence is induced even though the possibility of stimulated emission is now fully ruled out. Furthermore, the joint detection rate of the two beams becomes ideally zero and does no longer change with the pump power. We illustrate our results by numerical simulations and by comparisons with experimental findings. Our results rule out any classical or semi-classical explanation of the phenomenon and also imply that similar experiments can be performed with fermions, for which stimulated emission is strictly forbidden.
We investigate the effect of decay-induced interference on photon correlation in a nearly equispaced three-level driven ladder atom. It is found that the combination of destructive interference and two-photon resonance are responsible for the occurrence of nonclassical correlations. In addition, the bunching or antibunching behavior of the two emission processes can be controlled by the relative phase of the two applied fields attributed to the phase control spontaneous emission enhancement or cancellation.
Photon-mediated interactions between atoms can arise via coupling to a common electromagnetic mode or by quantum interference. Here, we probe the role of coherence in cooperative emission arising from two distant but indistinguishable solid-state emitters because of path erasure. The primary signature of cooperative emission, the emergence of "bunching" at zero delay in an intensity correlation experiment, is used to characterize the indistinguishability of the emitters, their dephasing, and the degree of correlation in the joint system that can be coherently controlled. In a stark departure from a pair of uncorrelated emitters, in Hong-Ou-Mandel-type interference measurements, we observe photon statistics from a pair of indistinguishable emitters resembling that of a weak coherent state from an attenuated laser. Our experiments establish techniques to control and characterize cooperative behavior between matter qubits using the full quantum optics toolbox, a key step toward realizing large-scale quantum photonic networks.