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Optics Communications

Measurement of the populations of metastable levels in gadolinium vapor by diode laser-based UV and near-IR absorption spectroscopy

Euo Chang Jung, Kwang-Hoon Ko, S. P. Rho, Changhwan Lim, Cheol‐Jung Kim

Published Oct 21, 2002• 8 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/s0030-4018(02)01961-2

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Japanese Journal of Applied Physics•Feb 10, 2004•3 citations
Population of metastable levels in a gadolinium atomic beam produced by electron beam heating were measured using the resonance photoionization technique. The population followed the Boltzmann distribution and the atomic excitation temperature was determined. The atomic excitation temperature is far lower than the temperature of the evaporation surface and nearly equal to the temperature which characterizes the distribution in the velocity component parallel to the gadolinium atomic beam axis. This suggests that the atomic excitation energy and the translational energy exchange each other at high reaction rate in the atomic vapor expanding from the evaporation surface into vacuum.
Frequency-modulation spectroscopy provides ultrasensitive absorption measurements. The technique is especially adaptable to diode lasers, which can be modulated easily, and has been used extensively in the near-infrared and infrared spectral regions. The availability of blue diode lasers now means that the accessible wavelength region can be increased. We successfully demonstrate wavelength-modulation spectroscopy and two-tone frequency-modulation spectroscopy for the weak second resonance line of potassium at 404.8 nm and for the transition at 405.8 nm in lead, starting from the thermally populated 6(p)(2 3)P(2) metastable level. Information on the modulation parameters is obtained with a fitting procedure. Experimental signal-to-noise ratios at different absorption levels are compared with theoretical signal-to-noise ratios and show good agreement. Detection sensitivities of 2 x 10(-6) and 5 x 10(-6) for wavelength and two-tone frequency-modulation spectroscopy, respectively, for a 120-Hz bandwidth are demonstrated.
The absorption spectra of two transitions originating from 0 and 999 cm -1 for atomic Gd were investigated at 394.554 nm. Newly measured transition probabilities are reported. Because of a narrow spectral difference of approximately 0.195 cm -1 between the two transitions, rapid sweeping of the diode laser wavelength made it possible to record both the absorption spectra simultaneously. The adopted technique enabled the real-time monitoring of the fraction of the Gd vapor at the ground energy level.