Journal of Luminescence

Probing vacuum ultraviolet energy levels of trivalent gadolinium by two-photon spectroscopy

P.S. Peijzel, W. J. M. Schrama, Michael F. Reid, Andries Meijerink

Published Apr 7, 2003• 7 citations

Publisher

DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2313(02)00494-5

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Journal of Luminescence

Probing vacuum ultraviolet energy levels of trivalent gadolinium by two-photon spectroscopy

P.S. Peijzel, W. J. M. Schrama, Michael F. Reid, Andries Meijerink

Published Apr 7, 2003• 7 citations

Publisher

DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2313(02)00494-5

Related papers

Application of Two-Photon Spectroscopy in the Study of Trivalent Rare- Earth Ions in Crystals

A. G. Makhanek, G. A. Skbipko

De Gruyter eBooksDec 31, 19790 citations

Measurement of the populations of metastable levels in gadolinium vapor by diode laser-based UV and near-IR absorption spectroscopy

Euo Chang Jung, Kwang-Hoon Ko, S. P. Rho +2 more

Optics CommunicationsOct 21, 20028 citations

Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy of the Trivalent Cerium Ion in Calcium-Fluoride

Swapan Kumar Gayen

Jan 1, 19842 citations

Laser Spectroscopy and Cooling of Atomic Gadolinium

Clayton E. Simien

Bulletin of the American Physical SocietyNov 17, 20170 citations

High-resolution measurements of the vacuum ultraviolet energy levels of trivalent gadolinium by excited state excitation

P.S. Peijzel, Paul Vermeulen, W. J. M. Schrama +3 more

The energy levels of lanthanide ions have been studied in great detail in the energy range up to $40\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ $(250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ . Recently an increased interest in the high energy levels between 40 000 and $70\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ has emerged, partly triggered by the need for new luminescent materials for vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excitation. Using synchrotron radiation many new energy levels have been discovered for various lanthanide ions. However, the spectral resolution of a synchrotron is limited and to resolve the complete energy level structure higher resolution tunable lasers are required. Unfortunately no high-resolution tunable lasers are available in the VUV. To overcome this problem two-photon spectroscopy may be applied. In this paper resonant two-photon spectroscopy is applied to measure the energy level structure of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ in fluorides. Excited state excitation (ESE) from the $^{6}P_{7∕2}$ level is shown to provide high-resolution spectra of the high energy levels of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ . The extension of the energy level structure is used to improve energy level calculations, which is especially beneficial for ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ where only a limited number of energy levels is available from conventional laser spectroscopy.The energy levels of lanthanide ions have been studied in great detail in the energy range up to $40\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ $(250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$. Recently an increased interest in the high energy levels between 40 000 and $70\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ has emerged, partly triggered by the need for new luminescent materials for vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excitation. Using synchrotron radiation many new energy levels have been discovered for various lanthanide ions. However, the spectral resolution of a synchrotron is limited and to resolve the complete energy level structure higher resolution tunable lasers are required. Unfortunately no high-resolution tunable lasers are available in the VUV. To overcome this problem two-photon spectroscopy may be applied. In this paper resonant two-photon spectroscopy is applied to measure the energy level structure of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ in fluorides. Excited state excitation (ESE) from the $^{6}P_{7∕2}$ level is shown to provide high-resolution spectra of the high energy levels of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$. The extension of the energy level structure is used to improve energy level calculations, which is especially beneficial for ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ where only a limited number of energy levels is available from conventional laser spectroscopy.

Physical Review BMar 24, 200530 citations

Vacuum-ultraviolet spectroscopy and quantum cutting for Gd3+ in LiYF4

R. T. Wegh, Harry Donker, Andries Meijerink +2 more

A systematic spectroscopic study of the ${4f}^{7}$ energy levels of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ in ${\mathrm{LiYF}}_{4}$ in the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral region $(50000--70000{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1})$ is reported. Using energy-level calculations, all observed spectral lines could be assigned to free-ion term symbols (including term symbols with unusually high $L$ and $J,$ e.g., a ${}^{2}{Q}_{23/2}$ level around $67000{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$). From the ${}^{6}{G}_{J}$ levels around $50000{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ quantum cutting (or two-photon luminescence, photon-cascade emission) is observed: the emission of a red photon due to the ${}^{6}{G}_{J}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{6}{P}_{J}$ transition is followed by the emission of an ultraviolet photon due to the ${}^{6}{P}_{J}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{8}{S}_{7/2}$ transition.A systematic spectroscopic study of the ${4f}^{7}$ energy levels of ${\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}$ in ${\mathrm{LiYF}}_{4}$ in the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral region $(50000--70000{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1})$ is reported. Using energy-level calculations, all observed spectral lines could be assigned to free-ion term symbols (including term symbols with unusually high $L$ and $J,$ e.g., a ${}^{2}{Q}_{23/2}$ level around $67000{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$). From the ${}^{6}{G}_{J}$ levels around $50000{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ quantum cutting (or two-photon luminescence, photon-cascade emission) is observed: the emission of a red photon due to the ${}^{6}{G}_{J}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{6}{P}_{J}$ transition is followed by the emission of an ultraviolet photon due to the ${}^{6}{P}_{J}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{8}{S}_{7/2}$ transition.

Physical review. B, Condensed matterDec 1, 1997280 citations

The energy levels of lanthanide ions have been studied in great detail in the energy range up to $40\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$

(250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})

. Recently an increased interest in the high energy levels between 40 000 and $70\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}000\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ has emerged, partly triggered by the need for new luminescent materials for vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) excitation. Using synchrotron radiation many new energy levels have been discovered for various lanthanide ions. However, the spectral resolution of a synchrotron is limited and to resolve the complete energy level structure higher resolution tunable lasers are required. Unfortunately no high-resolution tunable lasers are available in the VUV. To overcome this problem two-photon spectroscopy may be applied. In this paper resonant two-photon spectroscopy is applied to measure the energy level structure of

{\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}

in fluorides. Excited state excitation (ESE) from the

^{6}P_{7∕2}

level is shown to provide high-resolution spectra of the high energy levels of

{\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}

. The extension of the energy level structure is used to improve energy level calculations, which is especially beneficial for

{\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}

where only a limited number of energy levels is available from conventional laser spectroscopy.

A systematic spectroscopic study of the

{4f}^{7}

energy levels of

{\mathrm{Gd}}^{3+}

{\mathrm{LiYF}}_{4}

in the vacuum-ultraviolet spectral region $(50000--70000{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1})$ is reported. Using energy-level calculations, all observed spectral lines could be assigned to free-ion term symbols (including term symbols with unusually high

L

and

J,

e.g., a

{}^{2}{Q}_{23/2}

level around $67000{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$). From the

{}^{6}{G}_{J}

levels around $50000{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ quantum cutting (or two-photon luminescence, photon-cascade emission) is observed: the emission of a red photon due to the ${}^{6}{G}_{J}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{6}{P}_{J}$ transition is followed by the emission of an ultraviolet photon due to the ${}^{6}{P}_{J}{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{8}{S}_{7/2}$ transition.