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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Coherent control of a three-level atom in a photonic crystal

C. Roy

Published Nov 19, 2010• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate coherent control of the population and polarization of a two-level subsystem consisting of the two upper levels of a three-level atom in the V-configuration placed inside the structured reservoir of a photonic crystal. One of the excited state transition frequencies is located deep within the photonic band gap and the other transition is near the photonic band edge. Using the method of generalized-Laplace transforms, we study the population and polarization of the two-level subsystem of the three-level atom in the Born approximation without making the Markov approximation. The generalized-Laplace transform technique allows us to solve the Langevin equation for the operators and the correlation function of operators rather than the Schrodinger equations of motion. Coherent control of the population and the polarization dynamics of the two-level subsystem is demonstrated in the structured electromagnetic density of states of a photonic crystal. We demonstrate the tunability of the fractionalized steady-state population and the residual coherence in the photon–atom bound state by varying the Rabi frequency and the phase of the driving laser field.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/43/23/235502

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We demonstrate coherent control of the population and polarization of a two-level subsystem consisting of the two upper levels of a three-level atom in the V-configuration placed inside the structured reservoir of a photonic crystal. One of the excited state transition frequencies is located deep within the photonic band gap and the other transition is near the photonic band edge. Using the method of generalized-Laplace transforms, we study the population and polarization of the two-level subsystem of the three-level atom in the Born approximation without making the Markov approximation. The generalized-Laplace transform technique allows us to solve the Langevin equation for the operators and the correlation function of operators rather than the Schrodinger equations of motion. Coherent control of the population and the polarization dynamics of the two-level subsystem is demonstrated in the structured electromagnetic density of states of a photonic crystal. We demonstrate the tunability of the fractionalized steady-state population and the residual coherence in the photon–atom bound state by varying the Rabi frequency and the phase of the driving laser field.
We demonstrate the coherent control of spontaneous emission for a three-level atom located within a photonic band-gap structure with one resonant frequency near the edge of the photonic band gap. Spontaneous emission from the three-level atom can be totally suppressed or strongly enhanced depending on the relative phase between the steady-state control laser coupling the two upper levels and the pump laser pulse used to create an excited state of the atom in the form of a coherent superposition of the two upper levels. Unlike the free-space case, the steady-state inversion of the atomic system is strongly dependent on the externally prescribed initial conditions. This nonzero steady-state population is achieved by virtue of the localization of light in the vicinity of the emitting atom. It is robust to decoherence effects provided that the Rabi frequency of the control laser field-atom interaction exceeds the rate of dephasing interactions. As a result, such a system may be relevant for a single-atom, phase-sensitive, optical memory device on the atomic scale. The protected electric dipole within the photonic band gap provides a basis for a qubit to encode information for quantum computations.
The coherent control of cooperative spontaneous emission from two identical non-overlapping three-level atoms in the V-configuration located within a photonic band gap (PBG) material with two resonant frequencies near the upper band edge of the PBG and confined to a region small in comparison to their radiation wavelengths but still greater than their atomic sizes is investigated. The dependencies of cooperative effects in which a photon emitted by one atom is reabsorbed by the other atom on the inter-atomic separation, on the initial state of the two-atom system, on the strength of the driving control laser field, and on the detuning of the atomic resonant frequencies from the upper band edge frequency is analyzed so as to identify the conditions for which these cooperative effects are enhanced or inhibited. Cooperative effects between atoms are shown to be influenced more by the PBG than by the nature of the atomic transitions involved. Excited state populations as well as coherences between excited levels are expressed in terms of time-dependent amplitudes which are shown to satisfy coupled integro-differential equations for which analytic solutions are derived under special conditions. Unlike for the case of one atom in a PBG where the fractional non-zero steady state populations on the excited levels as well as the coherence between the excited levels are constants independent of time, in the case of two atoms in PBG these quantities continuously oscillate as a manifestation of beating due to the continuous exchange between the two atoms of the photon trapped by the PBG. The values of these quantities as well as the amplitudes and frequencies of their oscillations depend of the parameters of the system, providing different ways of manipulating the system. The general formalism presented here is shown to recapture the special results of investigations of similar systems in free space when the non-Markovian memory kernels of the PBG are replaced by delta function dependent Markovian memory kernels.
We demonstrate the coherent control of spontaneous emission for a three-level atom located within a photonic band gap (PBG) material, with one resonant frequency near the edge of the PBG. Spontaneous emission from the three-level atom can be totally suppressed or strongly enhanced depending on the relative phase between the steady-state control laser coupling the two upper levels and the pump laser pulse used to create an excited state of the atom in the form of a coherent superposition of the two upper levels. Unlike the free-space case, the steady-state inversion of the atomic system is strongly dependent on the externally prescribed initial conditions. This non-zero steady-state population is achieved by virtue of the localization of light in the vicinity of the emitting atom. It is robust to decoherence effects provided that the Rabi frequency of the control laser field exceeds the rate of dephasing interactions. As a result, such a system may be relevant for a single-atom, phase-sensitive optical memory device on the atomic scale. The protected electric dipole within the PBG provides a basis for a qubit to encode information for quantum computations. A detailed literature survey on the nature, fabrication and applications of PBG materials is presented to provide context for this research.
The coherent control of the entanglement between a three-level atom located within a three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic photonic band gap (PBG) material, with one transition frequency near the edge of the PBG, and its radiation field is demonstrated. As a result of quantum interference and photon localization, the entanglement can be decreased or increased depending on the relative phase between the control laser coupling, the two upper levels and the pump laser pulse used to create an excited state of the atom in the form of a coherent superposition of the two upper levels. Unlike the free-space case, the steady-state entanglement is strongly dependent on the externally prescribed initial conditions. This non-zero steady-state entanglement is achieved by virtue of the localization of light in the vicinity of the emitting atom.
The forbidden band in a photonic crystal leads to the existence of trapped atom-field state whose properties depend on the followings: the number of atoms embedded in a photonic crystal,the energy level structure of atom,the relative position between the level and the edge of band gap and the existence of driving field.By using the method of searching for the eigenstate of the trapped state,that the trapped atom-field state for a three-level atom with driving field in a photonic crystal exists due to the interference between atom and field, was discussed. That the trapped states and the population in various levels can be influenced by the strength and the Rabi frequency of the driving field was proved. That more than one trapped state exist and they depend on the position of the upper level also were proved. Analysis show that there is only one eigenstate when the upper energy level locates outside the band gap, and atom hardly stays in upper energy level; there are two eigenstates when the upper energy level locates in the band gap, but the properties of the two are quite different each to other. The distribution of particle number on every energy level varies obviously as the driving field parameter varies.
We discuss a point model for the collective emission of light from NNN two-level atoms in a photonic band-gap material, each with an atomic resonant frequency near the edge of the gap. In the limit of a low initial occupation of the excited atomic state, our system is shown to possess atomic spectra and population statistics that are radically different from free space. For a high initial excited-state population, mean-field theory suggests a fractionalized inversion and a macroscopic polarization for the atoms in the steady state, both of which can be controlled by an external dc field. This atomic steady state is accompanied by a nonzero expectation value of the electric field operators for field modes located in the vicinity of the atoms. The nature of homogeneous broadening near the band edge is shown to differ markedly from that in free space due to non-Markovian memory effects in the radiation dynamics. Non-Markovian vacuum fluctuations are shown to yield a partially coherent steady-state polarization with a random phase. In contrast with the steady state of a conventional laser, near a photonic band edge this coherence occurs as a consequence of photon localization in the absence of a conventional cavity mode. We also introduce a classical stochastic function with the same temporal correlations as the electromagnetic reservoir, in order to stochastically simulate the effects of vacuum fluctuations near a photonic band edge.