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Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures

Vacuum Field Effects in Atomically Doped Carbon Nanotubes

Igor V. Bondarev, Ph. Lambin

Published Apr 1, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Using a unified macroscopic QED formalism, we develop a quantum theory of atom–electromagnetic‐field interactions in the vicinity of a carbon nanotube. The theory is used to investigate spontaneous decay dynamics and van der Waals interactions of a two-level atomic system located close to a nanotube surface. We demonstrate a strictly non-exponential spontaneous decay dynamics of the upper state and nonlinear van der Waals coupling of the lower (ground) state of the system.

DOI
10.1081/fst-200039181

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Using a unified macroscopic QED formalism, we develop a quantum theory of atom–electromagnetic‐field interactions in the vicinity of a carbon nanotube. The theory is used to investigate spontaneous decay dynamics and van der Waals interactions of a two-level atomic system located close to a nanotube surface. We demonstrate a strictly non-exponential spontaneous decay dynamics of the upper state and nonlinear van der Waals coupling of the lower (ground) state of the system.
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A theory of the spontaneous decay process of an excited atom placed inside or outside (near the surface) of a carbon nanotube has been developed. Numerical calculations of the atomic spontaneous decay enhancement factor have been performed for various achiral nanotubes. The effect of the nanotube surface has been demonstrated to dramatically increase the spontaneous decay rate—by 6–7 orders of magnitude—compared with that of the same atom in a vacuum. Such an increase is associated with nonradiative decay via surface excitations in the nanotube. Possible applications of the predicted effect are discussed.
Spontaneous decay process of an excited two-level atom placed inside or outside a single-wall carbon nanotube is analyzed for both weak and strong atom-radiation-field coupling regime. In the weak coupling regime, the effect of the nanotube surface has been demonstrated to dramatically increase the spontaneous decay rate -- by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude compared with that of the same atom in vacuum. Such an increase is associated with the nonradiative decay via surface quasiparticle excitations in the nanotube. In the strong coupling regime, the decay of the upper atomic state proceeds via damped Rabi oscillations with the frequency assigned by the density of final photonic states of the system. Possible applications of the effect predicted are discussed.
Quantum optics phenomena, including light absorbtion and atomic states entanglement, are discussed for carbon nanotubes doped with atoms (ions). It has been shown that, similar to semiconductor microcavities and photonic band-gap materials, carbon nanotubes may qualitatively change the character of the atom-electromagnetic-field interactions, yielding strong atom-field coupling regime with the formation of quasi-one-dimensional atomic polaritons. These may be observed experimentally via the effect of the absorption line splitting (Rabi splitting) in the frequency range close to the atomic transition frequency. A scheme for entangling atomic polaritons is investigated using the photon Green function formalism for quantizing electromagnetic fields in the presence of quasi-one-dimensional absorbing and dispersing media. Small-diameter metallic nanotubes are shown to result in sizable amounts of the two-qubit atomic entanglement with no damping for sufficiently long times, thus challenging novel applications of atomically doped carbon nanotubes in quantum information science.
Quantum electrodynamics theory of the resonance Raman scattering is developed for an atom in a close proximity to a carbon nanotube. The theory predicts a dramatic enhancement of the Raman intensity in the strong atomic coupling regime to nanotube plasmon near-fields. This resonance scattering is a manifestation of the general electromagnetic surface enhanced Raman scattering effect, and can be used in designing efficient nanotube based optical sensing substrates for single atom detection, precision spontaneous emission control, and manipulation.