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Optics and Spectroscopy

Photon vacuum renormalization and spontaneous decay of an excited atom near a carbon nanotube

Igor V. Bondarev, Gregory Ya. Slepyan, С. А. Максименко

Published Jun 1, 2003• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A theory of the spontaneous decay process of an excited atom placed inside or outside (near the surface) of a carbon nanotube has been developed. Numerical calculations of the atomic spontaneous decay enhancement factor have been performed for various achiral nanotubes. The effect of the nanotube surface has been demonstrated to dramatically increase the spontaneous decay rate—by 6–7 orders of magnitude—compared with that of the same atom in a vacuum. Such an increase is associated with nonradiative decay via surface excitations in the nanotube. Possible applications of the predicted effect are discussed.

DOI
10.1134/1.1586731

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A theory of the spontaneous decay process of an excited atom placed inside or outside (near the surface) of a carbon nanotube has been developed. Numerical calculations of the atomic spontaneous decay enhancement factor have been performed for various achiral nanotubes. The effect of the nanotube surface has been demonstrated to dramatically increase the spontaneous decay rate—by 6–7 orders of magnitude—compared with that of the same atom in a vacuum. Such an increase is associated with nonradiative decay via surface excitations in the nanotube. Possible applications of the predicted effect are discussed.
Spontaneous decay process of an excited two-level atom placed inside or outside a single-wall carbon nanotube is analyzed for both weak and strong atom-radiation-field coupling regime. In the weak coupling regime, the effect of the nanotube surface has been demonstrated to dramatically increase the spontaneous decay rate -- by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude compared with that of the same atom in vacuum. Such an increase is associated with the nonradiative decay via surface quasiparticle excitations in the nanotube. In the strong coupling regime, the decay of the upper atomic state proceeds via damped Rabi oscillations with the frequency assigned by the density of final photonic states of the system. Possible applications of the effect predicted are discussed.
We report a strictly nonexponential spontaneous decay dynamics of an excited two-level atom placed inside or at different distances outside a carbon nanotube (CN). This is the result of strong non-Markovian memory effects arising from the rapid variation of the photonic density of states with frequency near the CN. The system exhibits vacuum-field Rabi oscillations, a principal signature of strong atom-vacuum-field coupling, when the atom is close enough to the nanotube surface and the atomic transition frequency is in the vicinity of the resonance of the photonic density of states. Caused by decreasing the atom-field coupling strength, the nonexponential decay dynamics gives place to the exponential one if the atom moves away from the CN surface. Thus, atom-field coupling and the character of the spontaneous decay dynamics, respectively, may be controlled by changing the distance between the atom and CN surface by means of a proper preparation of atomically doped CNs. This opens routes for new challenging nanophotonics applications of atomically doped CN systems as various sources of coherent light emitted by dopant atoms.
Quantum electrodynamics theory of the resonance Raman scattering is developed for an atom in a close proximity to a carbon nanotube. The theory predicts a dramatic enhancement of the Raman intensity in the strong atomic coupling regime to nanotube plasmon near-fields. This resonance scattering is a manifestation of the general electromagnetic surface enhanced Raman scattering effect, and can be used in designing efficient nanotube based optical sensing substrates for single atom detection, precision spontaneous emission control, and manipulation.
The effect of nanobodies, i.e., the bodies whose size is small compared to the emission wavelength, on spontaneous emission of an atom located near them is considered. The results of calculations performed within the framework of quantum and classical electrodynamics are presented both in analytic and graphical forms and can be readily used for planning experiments and analysis of experimental data. It is shown that nanobodies can be used to control efficiently the rate of spontaneous transitions. Thus, an excited atom located near a nanocylinder or a nanospheroid pole, whose transition dipole moment is directed normally to the nanobody surface, can decay with the rate that is tens and hundreds times higher than the decay rate in a free space. In the case of some (negative) dielectric constants, the decay rate can increase by a factor of 10 5 —10 6 and more. On the other hand, the decay of an excited atom whose transition dipole moment is directed tangentially to the nanobody surface substantially slows down. The probability of nonradiative decay of the excited state is shown to increase substantially in the presence of na-nobodies possessing losses.