Recently, quantum mechanics and information science have been combined to create a new field, namely, quantum information processing, which has been growing up rapidly in these years. The so-called quantum computing and quantum cryptography are included in this field. Although quantum information processing is quite attractive for its amazing possibility, it is also considered to be hard to realize any of such new ideas into practical use. The author develops a theory on quantum key distribution (QKD) with coherent states and a theory on two-state QKD with noisy light sources.
The quantum information science is the science of quantum information processing technology. The quantum information processing technology includes quantum computing technology, quantum cryptography and quantum communication technologies,its impact on information security is great. The quantum computers and quantum algorithms made many difficult math problems solved easily, that is a direct threat to many of the traditional cryptography, and the anti-quantum attacks cryptographic algorithms became the focus of the theoretical research. Quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation can effectively improve the security of quantum communication networks and quantum signature technology. People encountered many challenges in the process of studying quantum information science,also made gratifying progress. People should adequately predict the impact of quantum informatics science on commercial, military, network,banking areas at the information age.
Information is physical. Today’s information processing and communication are classical: they are based upon the laws of Newton’s and Maxwell’s classical physics. This assertion holds all the way, from commercial computers and networks, up to their most abstract models, e.g. Turing machines. Research in quantum information was born some twenty five years ago, with the encounter of two major scientific achievements of the 20th century, namely quantum physics and information sciences. A technological motivation for that is an extrapolation of Moore’s law which seems to indicate that the amount of matter needed for one bit will be reduced to one particle sometimes before year 2020. A deeper, scientific driving force of this interdisciplinary research is that of looking for the consequences of having computation and communication based directly upon the laws of quantum physics, i.e. our current ultimate knowledge of the world of elementary particles, as described by quantum mechanics. Breakthroughs in cryptography, communications, information theory and algorithmics have shown that this transplantation from classical to quantum has far reaching consequences, both quantitative and qualitative, and opens new avenues for research within the foundations of computer science and physics. The principles 388 and most striking results and hot topics of this promising way of encoding, processing and communicating information are briefly introduced in this chapter from a mostly computer science point of view, with detailed examples in algorithmics and in cryptography. At the end of the chapter, a short list of some significant articles, textbooks and reports on quantum information are suggested for further reading.