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Springer eBooks

The Physics of Quantum Information: Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Teleportation, Quantum Computation

Dirk Bouwmeester, ARTUR K. EKERT, Anton Zeilinger

Published Dec 10, 2010• 303 citations
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This chapter discusses quantum information science (QIS), quantum key distribution (QKD), and quantum teleportation. The new field of QIS encompasses several overlapping subdisciplines: quantum computing, quantum key distribution (also known as quantum cryptography), and quantum metrology (the measurement of small parameters and weak forces with ultra-high precision). In QIS, bits of information are encoded in quantum states, which themselves can be in superposition states and/or entanglement states. Generically, the 0 and 1 quantum bits are represented as qubits (quantum bits). QKD, or quantum cryptography, is a completely secure method of secret communication, and will remain so even if a quantum computer becomes available. Quantum teleportation is one of the more exotic features to have emerged from the field of QIS. It refers to the ability to transfer an unknown quantum state from one location to another, possibly very distant, location by using quantum entanglement.
For a long time the conceptually challenging predictions of quantum physics for individual experiments have been the issue of such bizarre discussions as Schrodinger's cat gedanken experiment. There, quantum superposition would imply the co-existence of the states of a live cat and a dead cat, quantum randomness would imply the fundamental unpredictability of the results of an observation of the cat's real and factual properties, and entanglement means that the state of the cat, dead or alive, is entangled with the state of an radioactive atom. Interestingly these same concepts, randomness, superposition, and entanglement, have become cornerstone concepts in a new quantum information technology. The most important applications are quantum cryptography, quantum computation, and quantum teleportation. Quantum cryptography permits the encoding of confidential information in a way that its security against eavesdropping is guaranteed by the laws of physics. A quantum computer would be able to operate in a quantum superposition of many different states thus enabling exponential speedup for some problems. Quantum teleportation allows transferring directly the quantum state of an individual system onto a distant one thus providing an ideal way for quantum computers to communicate with each other.