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Optics Letters

Evaluation of ^4I_15/2 and ^4I_13/2 Stark-level energies in erbium-doped aluminosilicate glass fibers

E. Desurvire, J. R. Simpson

Published May 15, 1990• 130 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Spectroscopic measurements of fluorescence and absorption in an erbium-doped fiber permit the evaluation of the Stark-level energies of the (4)I(15/2) and (4)I(13/2) manifolds in Er:glass. The data permit the allocation of the individual laser transitions associated with the room-temperature gain spectrum of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operating near lambda = 1.53 microm.

DOI
10.1364/ol.15.000547

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Spectroscopic measurements of fluorescence and absorption in an erbium-doped fiber permit the evaluation of the Stark-level energies of the (4)I(15/2) and (4)I(13/2) manifolds in Er:glass. The data permit the allocation of the individual laser transitions associated with the room-temperature gain spectrum of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operating near lambda = 1.53 microm.
A study of the complex atomic susceptibility of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers operating near the 1.53- mu m transition (/sup 4/I/sub 13/2/-/sup 4/I/sub 15/2/) developed from a semiclassical theoretical description is presented. Expressions for the emission cross section sigma /sub e/( lambda ) and absorption cross section sigma /sub a/( lambda ) of erbium:glass as a quasi-three-level laser system with Stark-split sublevel manifolds are derived. The results are used to calculate the cross sections of aluminosilicate erbium-doped fibers at low temperatures (T=4.2, 77 K) and at room temperature. It is demonstrated that an expression for the gain coefficient of the fiber amplifier can be derived from the expression of the susceptibility. Using Kramers-Kronig relations, an expression for the refractive index change in the fiber is derived. The theoretical spectral gain profile of the fiber amplifier and concurrent refractive index changes are analyzed for different pumping regimes.>
Rapid development of optical fiber amplifiers, and more especially of the erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) during the last decade, has benefited from extensive work on the configuration of the system itself: determination of pump wavelength, pumping configuration, improvement of noise performance, etc. However, less effort have been dedicated to study the interaction that influences the spectral profile of the gain bandwidth and particularly the relation between the glass composition and the spectroscopy of erbium. Here, we report a systematic determination of key parameters responsible for the global profile of the gain bandwidth: stark splitting, homogeneous broadening, and inhomogeneous broadening. The correlation between these parameters and the glass structure from one part and the behavior of the EDFA in amplification regime from another part is discussed. The quasiregular crystal-field splitting of tellurite and fluoride glasses is found to correlate well with the flatness of the gain profile. Moreover, the low-temperature homogeneous bandwidths extrapolated to room temperature can be correlated to the saturation spectral hole widths measured in the amplification regime.
In this paper, we present a low-temperature study of rare earth doped glasses, which are important for creating compact, efficient gain media. We resolved effective Stark components of erbium doped glasses by analyzing their absorption cross sections at T=293K and T=110K. Using these Stark energy levels and the McCumber theory, we calculated the radiative lifetime of the I/-I/ transition in erbium. Our calculated lifetime agrees with the measured lifetime for this transition better than previously accepted methods.
This paper reports the measurement and analysis of signal power-induced changes in the refractive index spectrum of an aluminosilicate erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). For a constant 980 nm pump power of 11 mW, a 1553 nm signal power of 4.6 mW caused a peak-to-trough change in refractive index of (3.8/spl plusmn/0.4)/spl times/10/sup -8/ across the EDFA gain spectrum. A Kramers-Kronig transform of the signal-induced change in absorption coefficient agreed well with the measured change in refractive index. This result conflicts with the behavior of the system predicted by a homogeneously broadened two-level model and suggests limitations in the representation of the Er/sup 3+/:glass system by a discrete set of homogeneously broadened transitions.
Spectroscopic measurements on (4)F(3/2) - (4)I(11/2) and (4)F(3/2) - (4)I(9/2) transitions for a Nd(3+)-doped fiber laser demonstrated that the wavelength dependence of the relaxation oscillations provides a simple method to distinguish threeand four-level transition. Spectral analysis of relaxation oscillations in a tunable Er(3+)-doped fiber laser was performed at liquid-nitrogen temperature, and results were compared with measurements at room temperature. It was found that the relaxation oscillation frequency depends on the occupation of the terminal level and thus is directly related to the absorption cross section. Using this method, we show that laser transitions at lambda > 1555 nm become four-level at T = 77K.