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Soviet Physics Uspekhi

APPLICATION OF PARAMAGNETIC CRYSTALS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS

Georgii M. Zverev, Nikolai V. Karlov, L. S. Kornienko, Aleksandr A. Manenkov, Alexander M. Prokhorov

Published Mar 31, 1962• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

I. Introduction 401 II. Energy Levels of Paramagnetic Ions in Crystals 401 III. Relaxation Effects in Paramagnetic Crystals 408 IV. Quantum-Mechanical (Paramagnetic) Microwave Amplifiers (Masers) 415 V. Quantum -Mechanical Optical Oscillators and Amplifiers (Optical Masers) 420 VI. Conclusion 426 Literature References 426
DOI
10.1070/pu1962v005n03abeh003424

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Introduction 177 I. The Optical Orientation of Atoms 178 II. The Optical Detection of the Orientation of Atoms 181 III. The Effect of Relaxation Phenomena on the Process of Optical Pumping 183 IV. Phenomenological Theory of Optical Orientation of Atoms 188 V. Detection of Radio-Frequency Resonance by the Optical Method. Determination of the Hyperfine Structure Constant and of Nuclear and Electronic g Factors 190 VI. Practical Applications of the Method of Optical Orientation of Atoms 194 VII. Orientation Produced by Exchange Collisions 198 VIII. The Study of Relaxation Processes by the Optical Method 200 IX. Optical Pumping in Solids 201 Conclusion 203 Literature 203
The subject of masers is introduced by giving an historical account of events which led to the amplification of microwave radiation by an inverted population in a system of weakly interacting ammonia molecules. The introduction also outlines the development of masers up to the present. Sections 2 and 3 are concerned with maser fundamentals. Methods for obtaining inverted populations are discussed in § 2. Section 3 is devoted to the theory of maser gain and noise. This is followed by a discussion of microwave solid state masers. Microwave maser materials and the development of unidirectional travelling wave maser amplifiers are emphasized. Optical masers are treated in § 5. In this section the theory of optical amplifiers and oscillators is outlined. Also included in the theoretical discussion is a rather lengthy consideration of pump power requirements in optically pumped masers. This is followed by a survey of solid state, semiconductor and gaseous optical masers. The review ends with some comments on the extension of masers to new wavelength regions.
Since the demonstration of the possibility of achieving very low noise amplification of signals in the centimetric wavebands, a great deal of work has been carried out in various laboratories with a view to producing and testing devices. The major part of the present article focuses attention on one particular device, the three-level solid-state maser. The physical principles underlying the process of stimulated emission of radiation are in many cases unfamiliar to electronic engineers, and study of the growing literature on the subject can be confusing without a clear understanding of the physics involved. The present article outlines the general theory of emission and radiation processes, particularly as they apply to the microwave spectrum. A quantum mechanical description is employed throughout, and a brief and not very rigorous account is given of the relevant portions of this theory as it applies to the investigation of transistors between energy levels. Well-known expressions are derived for the operating characteristics of a three-level maser, particular attention being given to the significance of the various factors involved and their relationship to easily measured quantities. Little information is included concerning practical maser amplifiers; at the time of writing, few practical devices had been constructed. A survey of recent literature indicates the rapid progress which has since been made, and shows the interest in the development of masers.
The density matrix describing a paramagnetic ion subjected to both pump and signal fields is calculated. It is used to determine the fractional population differences, magnetic polarization densities, susceptibility tensors and power dissipation densities at both the pump and signal frequencies. There are six relaxation parameters of prime significance: the spin-spin relaxation times, the spin-lattice relaxation times and the Overhauser parameters for both the pump and signal transitions. The spin-spin relaxation times control the low-level absorption. The spin-lattice relaxation times control the completely saturated absorption. The Overhauser parameters control the absorption by one transition when the other transition is partially or completely saturated.