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Journal of Physics Conference Series

EPR and development of quantum electronics

Aleksandr A. Manenkov

Published Oct 21, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A role of electron paramagnetic resonance in development of quantum electronics is discussed. Basic principles and history of masers are briefly described. Spin-levels of paramagnetic ions in crystals as a very suitable object for active media of solid-state masers (called as EPR-masers) and physical processes in EPR-masers (population inversion of energy states) are analyzed. This analysis demonstrates a significant role of relaxation processes in multi-level spin-systems for efficient maser action. In this context peculiarities of spin-lattice and spin-spin cross relaxation processes in multi-level systems are analyzed. Development of EPR-masers and their application in radioastronomy and far-space communication systems are briefly described.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/324/1/012001

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A role of electron paramagnetic resonance in development of quantum electronics is discussed. Basic principles and history of masers are briefly described. Spin-levels of paramagnetic ions in crystals as a very suitable object for active media of solid-state masers (called as EPR-masers) and physical processes in EPR-masers (population inversion of energy states) are analyzed. This analysis demonstrates a significant role of relaxation processes in multi-level spin-systems for efficient maser action. In this context peculiarities of spin-lattice and spin-spin cross relaxation processes in multi-level systems are analyzed. Development of EPR-masers and their application in radioastronomy and far-space communication systems are briefly described.
The three-level excitation method for solid state masers, including some background material on paramagnetic resonance, is reviewed. With respect to the experimental application of the maser material, two cases can be distinguished, In the first, maser action is based mainly on a favorable relaxation time ratio in signal and idler transitions. It is shown that the relaxation time ratio can be changed artificially by a doping technique. Experimental evidence is presented for two such doping techniques, one self-doping, the other impurity doping. In the second case, maser action is based primarily on a favorable frequency ratio of signal and idler transitions. Maser experiments using this approach are described. In addition, excitation of unidirectional gain and attenuation by circular polarization is discussed. Properties of practical isolator materials are surveyed; they include high-concentration paramagnetic and polycryslolline ferrimagnetic materials.
By A. E. Siegman London: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. 1964. Pp. 582. Price 143s. 6d. This is a postgraduate book, partly for electronics engineers, who would find a good deal of the material difficult, because it is a comprehensive account of the subject which demands a good deal of familiarity with quantum mechanics. The contents include chapters on internal structure and energy levels of atoms, the magnetic properties of atoms, energy levels of paramagnetic maser materials, paramagnetic resonance and the dynamics of spin systems, the three level solid state maser and travelling wave maser.
The density matrix describing a paramagnetic ion subjected to both pump and signal fields is calculated. It is used to determine the fractional population differences, magnetic polarization densities, susceptibility tensors and power dissipation densities at both the pump and signal frequencies. There are six relaxation parameters of prime significance: the spin-spin relaxation times, the spin-lattice relaxation times and the Overhauser parameters for both the pump and signal transitions. The spin-spin relaxation times control the low-level absorption. The spin-lattice relaxation times control the completely saturated absorption. The Overhauser parameters control the absorption by one transition when the other transition is partially or completely saturated.
It is shown that the spectroscopic bridge, a recently proposed method to achieve high-efficiency microwave oscillators and phase-sensitive detectors, may be used in a spin multiplet of certain paramagnetic ions to obtain a type of microwave quantum amplification: phase-sensitive amplification by frequency upconversion. This operation of a solid-state maser without population inversion is based on a principle similar to that used for achieving amplification in a transistor (triode). The major differences between this amplification and the parametric amplification, or the usual double-resonance maser action, are discussed.
Since the demonstration of the possibility of achieving very low noise amplification of signals in the centimetric wavebands, a great deal of work has been carried out in various laboratories with a view to producing and testing devices. The major part of the present article focuses attention on one particular device, the three-level solid-state maser. The physical principles underlying the process of stimulated emission of radiation are in many cases unfamiliar to electronic engineers, and study of the growing literature on the subject can be confusing without a clear understanding of the physics involved. The present article outlines the general theory of emission and radiation processes, particularly as they apply to the microwave spectrum. A quantum mechanical description is employed throughout, and a brief and not very rigorous account is given of the relevant portions of this theory as it applies to the investigation of transistors between energy levels. Well-known expressions are derived for the operating characteristics of a three-level maser, particular attention being given to the significance of the various factors involved and their relationship to easily measured quantities. Little information is included concerning practical maser amplifiers; at the time of writing, few practical devices had been constructed. A survey of recent literature indicates the rapid progress which has since been made, and shows the interest in the development of masers.