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Physical Review Letters

Optical Feshbach Resonance Using the Intercombination Transition

Katsunari Enomoto, Kentaro Kasa, Masaaki Kitagawa, Yoshiro Takahashi

Published Nov 11, 2008• 172 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report control of the scattering wave function by an optical Feshbach resonance effect using ytterbium atoms. The narrow intercombination line (1S0-3P1) is used for efficient control as proposed by Ciuryło et al. [Phys. Rev. A 71, 030701(R) (2005)10.1103/PhysRevA.71.030701]. The manipulation of the scattering wave function is monitored with the change of a photoassociation rate caused by another laser. The optical Feshbach resonance is especially efficient for isotopes with large negative scattering lengths such as 172Yb, and we have confirmed that the scattering phase shift divided by the wave number, which gives the scattering length in the zero energy limit, is changed by about 30 nm.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.101.203201

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We report control of the scattering wave function by an optical Feshbach resonance effect using ytterbium atoms. The narrow intercombination line (1S0-3P1) is used for efficient control as proposed by Ciuryło et al. [Phys. Rev. A 71, 030701(R) (2005)10.1103/PhysRevA.71.030701]. The manipulation of the scattering wave function is monitored with the change of a photoassociation rate caused by another laser. The optical Feshbach resonance is especially efficient for isotopes with large negative scattering lengths such as 172Yb, and we have confirmed that the scattering phase shift divided by the wave number, which gives the scattering length in the zero energy limit, is changed by about 30 nm.
The properties of bosonic ytterbium photoassociation spectra near the intercombination transition ${^{1}S}_{0}\ensuremath{-}{^{3}P}_{1}$ are studied theoretically at ultralow temperatures. We demonstrate how the shapes and intensities of rotational components of optical Feshbach resonances are affected by mass tuning of the scattering properties of the two colliding ground-state atoms. Particular attention is given to the relationship between the magnitude of the scattering length and the occurrence of shape resonances in higher partial waves of the van der Waals system. We develop a mass-scaled model of the excited-state potential that represents the experimental data for different isotopes. The shape of the rotational photoassociation spectrum for various bosonic Yb isotopes can be qualitatively different.
We demonstrate control of the collapse and expansion of an (88)Sr Bose-Einstein condensate using an optical Feshbach resonance near the (1)S(0)-(3)P(1) intercombination transition at 689 nm. Significant changes in dynamics are caused by modifications of scattering length by up to ± 10a(bg), where the background scattering length of (88)Sr is a(bg) = -2a(0) (1a(0) = 0.053 nm). Changes in scattering length are monitored through changes in the size of the condensate after a time-of-flight measurement. Because the background scattering length is close to zero, blue detuning of the optical Feshbach resonance laser with respect to a photoassociative resonance leads to increased interaction energy and a faster condensate expansion, whereas red detuning triggers a collapse of the condensate. The results are modeled with the time-dependent nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation.
We demonstrate a ppp-wave optical Feshbach resonance (OFR) using purely long-range molecular states of a fermionic isotope of ytterbium 171{}^{171}171Yb, following the proposition made by K. Goyal et al. [Phys. Rev. A 82, 062704 (2010)]. The ppp-wave OFR is clearly observed as a modification of a photoassociation rate for atomic ensembles at about 5 $\ensuremath{\mu}$K. A scattering phase shift variation of $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\eta}=0.022$ rad is observed with an atom loss rate coefficient $K=28.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ cm3{}^{3}3/s.
It is possible to tune the scattering length for the collision of ultracold ground-state alkaline-earth-metal atoms using an optical Feshbach resonance. This is achieved with a laser far detuned from an excited molecular level near the frequency of the atomic intercombination transition. Simple resonant-scattering theory, illustrated by the example of , allows an estimate of the magnitude of the effect. Unlike alkali metal species, large changes of the scattering length are possible while atom loss remains small, because of the very narrow linewidth of the molecular photoassociation transition. This raises prospects for control of atomic interactions for a system without magnetically tunable Feshbach resonance levels.
Nuclear spin exchange occurs in ultracold collisions of fermionic alkaline-earth-metal-like atoms due to a difference between sss- and ppp-wave phase shifts. We study the use of an optical Feshbach resonance, excited on the ${^{1}S}_{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{^{3}P}_{1}$ intercombination line of 171Yb^{171}\text{Y}\text{b}171Yb, to affect a large modification of the sss-wave scattering phase shift and thereby optically mediate nuclear exchange forces. We perform a full multichannel calculation of the photoassociation resonances and wave functions and from these calculate the real and imaginary parts of the scattering length. As a figure of merit of this interaction, we estimate the fidelity to implement a SWAP\sqrt{\text{SWAP}}SWAP​ entangling quantum logic gate for two atoms trapped in the same well of an optical lattice. For moderate parameters one can achieve a gate fidelity of $\ensuremath{\sim}95%$ in a time of $\ensuremath{\sim}50\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{s}$.
In a recent experiment by Yamazaki et al. [Phys. Rev. A 87, 010704(R) (2013)], a ppp-wave optical Feshbach resonance in fermionic 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb atoms using purely long-range molecular excited states has been demonstrated. We show theoretically that, if two purely long-range excited states of 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb are coupled to the ground-state continuum of scattering states with two lasers, then it is possible to significantly suppress photoassociative atom loss by a dark resonance in the excited states. We present a general theoretical framework for creating a dark state in an electronically excited molecular potential for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of the optical Feshbach resonance. This can be accomplished by properly adjusting the relative intensity, phase, polarizations, and frequency detunings of two lasers. We present selected numerical results for atom-loss spectra and ppp-wave elastic- and inelastic-scattering cross sections of 171Yb^{171}\mathrm{Yb}171Yb atoms to illustrate the effects of the molecular dark state on the optical Feshbach resonance.