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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Optimization of Pr3+-doped fluoride fiber amplifiers and substantial performance improvement with a pump reflecting mirror

Mala Krishnan, Steven P. Bastien, Harish R. D. Sunak

Published Mar 23, 1993• 0 citations

Abstract

We report on optimized performance of Pr3+ doped fluoride fiber amplifiers (PDFA) using a comprehensive spatial and spectral computer model. We show the correspondence between results that were experimentally determined and those obtained using our model. Waveguide parameters for these amplifiers have been optimized for low and moderate values of relative refractive index difference. A cut-off wavelength of 750 nm gives maximum gain for NA equals 0.1 and 0.2. Particular emphasis is given to a comparison of the PDFA's performance with and without a Bragg reflecting pump mirror etched at the output end of the fiber. A pump reflecting mirror gives higher gain at smaller amplifier lengths (approximately equals 1/3) in both, the small and large signal regimes. We also report on the quantum conversion efficiencies (QCE) of PDFA. For the same length of fiber and a 0 dBm input signal, PDFA with a pump reflecting mirror has a QCE about twice that of a PDFA without a pump reflecting mirror at its output end.

DOI: 10.1117/12.141128

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We report on optimized performance of Pr3+ doped fluoride fiber amplifiers (PDFA) using a comprehensive spatial and spectral computer model. We show the correspondence between results that were experimentally determined and those obtained using our model. Waveguide parameters for these amplifiers have been optimized for low and moderate values of relative refractive index difference. A cut-off wavelength of 750 nm gives maximum gain for NA equals 0.1 and 0.2. Particular emphasis is given to a comparison of the PDFA's performance with and without a Bragg reflecting pump mirror etched at the output end of the fiber. A pump reflecting mirror gives higher gain at smaller amplifier lengths (approximately equals 1/3) in both, the small and large signal regimes. We also report on the quantum conversion efficiencies (QCE) of PDFA. For the same length of fiber and a 0 dBm input signal, PDFA with a pump reflecting mirror has a QCE about twice that of a PDFA without a pump reflecting mirror at its output end.

A complete experimental and theoretical study of rare earth doped fiber-optic amplifiers for the first tele-communication window has been made. The thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifier is shown to provide amplification in the 800nm-820nm signal region. A complete steady state theoretical model has been presented and the model has been experimentally verified. The model predicts the gain, noise figure and the amplified spontaneous emission in the 800nm, 1470nm, 1900nm and 2300nm bands. The effect of population trapping at the

\\sp3F\\sb4

energy level of thulium ion is also shown with the help of the model. It has been shown that about 5-15%o of the population is trapped at the

\\sp3F\\sb4

energy level. We have also shown theoretically, the expected gain and noise performance of Thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifiers pumped in the 680nm absorption band. The maximum gain at 806nm is slightly lower than with comparable 780 nm pumping. The gain bandwidth is however found to increase with 680nm pumping. The higher ASE at shorter wavelengths ($<$806nm) reduces the gain at the peak wavelength (806nm). This is a result of the better inversion with three level pumping at 680nm as compared to two level resonant pumping at 780nm. We report an efficient single mode erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier in the 850nm signal band for the first time. The amplification is through an up-conversion process. The erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier was pumped with an estimated pump power of 35mW at 792nm. We have also considered a theoretical model for a single mode erbium doped fluoride fiber amplifier. Efficient amplification occurs because of the strong excited state absorption at the pump wavelength from the

\\sp4I\\sb{13/2}

energy level.

A gain coefficient of 3.8 dB/mW was achieved for an erbium-doped fiber amplifier pumped by a 1.48 mu m laser diode. The main reasons for the improvement are high NA (0.23) and low concentration (43 p.p.m.). Pump-to-signal energy conversion efficiency was 18% at 3 dB gain compression. A decrease in saturation power with increasing erbium concentration was also demonstrated. In high-concentration fiber, fluorescence at 0.98 mu m due to cooperative upconversion was detected. These results indicate that several kilometers of distributed fiber amplifier with high gain and high output saturation power could be possible, because the absorption coefficient at 1.48 mu m is still two orders higher than the background loss in the 43 p.p.m. fiber.>

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