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Journal of Media Literacy Education

Rare-earth doped fiber amplifiers for the first telecommunication window

Balakrishnan Sridhar

Published Jan 1, 1995• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A complete experimental and theoretical study of rare earth doped fiber-optic amplifiers for the first tele-communication window has been made. The thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifier is shown to provide amplification in the 800nm-820nm signal region. A complete steady state theoretical model has been presented and the model has been experimentally verified. The model predicts the gain, noise figure and the amplified spontaneous emission in the 800nm, 1470nm, 1900nm and 2300nm bands. The effect of population trapping at the $\\sp3F\\sb4$ energy level of thulium ion is also shown with the help of the model. It has been shown that about 5-15%o of the population is trapped at the $\\sp3F\\sb4$ energy level. We have also shown theoretically, the expected gain and noise performance of Thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifiers pumped in the 680nm absorption band. The maximum gain at 806nm is slightly lower than with comparable 780 nm pumping. The gain bandwidth is however found to increase with 680nm pumping. The higher ASE at shorter wavelengths ($<$806nm) reduces the gain at the peak wavelength (806nm). This is a result of the better inversion with three level pumping at 680nm as compared to two level resonant pumping at 780nm. We report an efficient single mode erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier in the 850nm signal band for the first time. The amplification is through an up-conversion process. The erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier was pumped with an estimated pump power of 35mW at 792nm. We have also considered a theoretical model for a single mode erbium doped fluoride fiber amplifier. Efficient amplification occurs because of the strong excited state absorption at the pump wavelength from the $\\sp4I\\sb{13/2}$ energy level.

DOI
10.23860/diss-4074

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•Jan 1, 1991•0 citations
A complete experimental and theoretical study of rare earth doped fiber-optic amplifiers for the first tele-communication window has been made. The thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifier is shown to provide amplification in the 800nm-820nm signal region. A complete steady state theoretical model has been presented and the model has been experimentally verified. The model predicts the gain, noise figure and the amplified spontaneous emission in the 800nm, 1470nm, 1900nm and 2300nm bands. The effect of population trapping at the sp3Fsb4\\sp3F\\sb4sp3Fsb4 energy level of thulium ion is also shown with the help of the model. It has been shown that about 5-15%o of the population is trapped at the sp3Fsb4\\sp3F\\sb4sp3Fsb4 energy level. We have also shown theoretically, the expected gain and noise performance of Thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifiers pumped in the 680nm absorption band. The maximum gain at 806nm is slightly lower than with comparable 780 nm pumping. The gain bandwidth is however found to increase with 680nm pumping. The higher ASE at shorter wavelengths (<<<806nm) reduces the gain at the peak wavelength (806nm). This is a result of the better inversion with three level pumping at 680nm as compared to two level resonant pumping at 780nm. We report an efficient single mode erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier in the 850nm signal band for the first time. The amplification is through an up-conversion process. The erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier was pumped with an estimated pump power of 35mW at 792nm. We have also considered a theoretical model for a single mode erbium doped fluoride fiber amplifier. Efficient amplification occurs because of the strong excited state absorption at the pump wavelength from the sp4Isb13/2\\sp4I\\sb{13/2}sp4Isb13/2 energy level.
S-band ground state absorption in a thulium-doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) has been studied in detail experimentally and theoretically. While traditionally considered difficult to measure, its presence is shown to have significant impact on amplifier power excursion during dynamic wavelength add-drop, due to the energy transitions inherent to the Tm/sup 3+/ ion. For specific pumping scheme and operating conditions, gain increases with increasing signal input, a behavior significantly different from conventional three-level optical amplifiers. Numerical models are presented that correctly account for these phenomena. This promises to provide insight for gain control algorithms for TDFAs under bursty traffic conditions in a future reconfigurable wavelength division multiplexed environment.
A model is presented for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers that operate by an upconversion process in which two pump photons at ~800 nm are absorbed and can provide an inverted population and hence the ability to amplify signal photons at ~850 nm. The most important spectroscopic features of the amplifier are identified and used to formulate a theory that predicts how the amplifier gain varies with fiber length and doping density, as well as with launched pump and signal powers. The limitation that amplified spontaneous emission imposes on the gain is investigated, and useful approximate formulas are derived in the limit where amplified spontaneous emission is negligible.
Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) can very efficiently convert pump to signal energy. Quantum efficiencies higher than 80 % with 1.48 pm pump [1], and 93% when pumped at 980 nm [2] are reported. However, even higher values should be theoretically possible for an ideal EDFA. Various physical effects may lead to quantum efficiency (QE) reduction. Not all of them are quite well understood yet. At Erbium concentrations above 100 ppm by weight the pump loss is partly explained by energy transfer between two excited ions resulting in upcon- version process [3]. At low concentrations Excited-State Absorption (ESA) could be a more significant effect reducing QE. ESA of photons from 1.5 |im band have been predicted from absorption measurements [4] and also observed [5]. However, to our knowledge, no quantitative analysis has been made which would distinguish between the contributions of ESA and two-particle upconversion when measurements of short wavelength luminescence were performed.
Optical fiber communication is of great importance in information transmission. Increasing the transmission capacity of optical fiber systems is a solution to meet the increasing demand for information, in which rare earth ion-doped fiber amplifiers play an important role. In this paper, the quasi-quadruple-energy structure of is equated and simplified to a conventional triple-energy structure to improve amplification's efficiency and significance. By exploring the influence of many factors on the praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier, the amplification band with gain window between 1250-1350nm is verified, and the amplification of the central wavelength of 1310nm is realized. It provides a theoretical reference for the subsequent application of praseodymium-doped fiber amplifiers in communication engineering, laser amplification and other fields. Since the amplification band of praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier matches the zero dispersion point of 6.652 optical fiber, it will have a huge application market in the 1310nm optical communication system.
Rare earth doped fibre amplifiers for the 1300nm and 1550nm communication windows are analysed in regard to their performance limitations and potential for telecommunications applications. Erbium doped fibre amplifiers in the 1550nm window have been very successful, and efficient, high gain, low noise devices with pump power requirements of tens of mW have bean demonstrated. For the 1300nm window both Neodynium and Praseodymium are potential candidates for doped fibre amplifiers. However these devices are inherently much less efficient, due to the short metastable level lifetimes in these rare-earth Ions.