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Potential of doped fibre amplifiers for the 1300nm and 1550nm optical communication windows

FF Ruhl

Published Jan 1, 1991• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Rare earth doped fibre amplifiers for the 1300nm and 1550nm communication windows are analysed in regard to their performance limitations and potential for telecommunications applications. Erbium doped fibre amplifiers in the 1550nm window have been very successful, and efficient, high gain, low noise devices with pump power requirements of tens of mW have bean demonstrated. For the 1300nm window both Neodynium and Praseodymium are potential candidates for doped fibre amplifiers. However these devices are inherently much less efficient, due to the short metastable level lifetimes in these rare-earth Ions.

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Rare-earth doped fiber amplifiers for the first telecommunication window

Balakrishnan Sridhar

A complete experimental and theoretical study of rare earth doped fiber-optic amplifiers for the first tele-communication window has been made. The thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifier is shown to provide amplification in the 800nm-820nm signal region. A complete steady state theoretical model has been presented and the model has been experimentally verified. The model predicts the gain, noise figure and the amplified spontaneous emission in the 800nm, 1470nm, 1900nm and 2300nm bands. The effect of population trapping at the $\\sp3F\\sb4$ energy level of thulium ion is also shown with the help of the model. It has been shown that about 5-15%o of the population is trapped at the $\\sp3F\\sb4$ energy level. We have also shown theoretically, the expected gain and noise performance of Thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifiers pumped in the 680nm absorption band. The maximum gain at 806nm is slightly lower than with comparable 780 nm pumping. The gain bandwidth is however found to increase with 680nm pumping. The higher ASE at shorter wavelengths ($<$806nm) reduces the gain at the peak wavelength (806nm). This is a result of the better inversion with three level pumping at 680nm as compared to two level resonant pumping at 780nm. We report an efficient single mode erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier in the 850nm signal band for the first time. The amplification is through an up-conversion process. The erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier was pumped with an estimated pump power of 35mW at 792nm. We have also considered a theoretical model for a single mode erbium doped fluoride fiber amplifier. Efficient amplification occurs because of the strong excited state absorption at the pump wavelength from the $\\sp4I\\sb{13/2}$ energy level.

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Modeling and numerical simulation of the gain of a 1310nm praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier

Zhiwen Chen, Keyi Hao, Tingting Xiao

Optical fiber communication is of great importance in information transmission. Increasing the transmission capacity of optical fiber systems is a solution to meet the increasing demand for information, in which rare earth ion-doped fiber amplifiers play an important role. In this paper, the quasi-quadruple-energy structure of is equated and simplified to a conventional triple-energy structure to improve amplification's efficiency and significance. By exploring the influence of many factors on the praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier, the amplification band with gain window between 1250-1350nm is verified, and the amplification of the central wavelength of 1310nm is realized. It provides a theoretical reference for the subsequent application of praseodymium-doped fiber amplifiers in communication engineering, laser amplification and other fields. Since the amplification band of praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier matches the zero dispersion point of 6.652 optical fiber, it will have a huge application market in the 1310nm optical communication system.

Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology•Dec 27, 2022•1 citation

Analysis of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers pumped at 800 nm

B. Pedersen, Stanley A. Zemon, William J. Miniscalco

The performance and efficiency of erbium-doped fibers pumped in the 800-nm band has been analyzed using a quantitative amplifier model. Both a silica and a fluorophosphate host were investigated. The analysis showed that under optimized conditions the fluorophosphate is superior to the silica with higher gain and up to 60% higher quantum conversion efficiency. Only with respect to noise figure is the fluorophosphate poorer because of the shorter lifetime of the metastable state.

Fiber & Integrated Optics•Apr 1, 1991•1 citation

Analysis of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers pumped at 800 nm

Frands B. Pedersen, Stanley A. Zemon, William J. Miniscalco

The performance and efficiency of erbium-doped fibers pumped in the 800-nm band has been analyzed using a quantitative amplifier model. Both a silica and a fluorophosphate host were investigated. The analysis showed that under optimized conditions the fluorophosphate is superior to the silica with higher gain and up to 60 % higher quantum conversion efficiency. Only with respect to noise figure is the fluorophosphate poorer, because of the shorter lifetime of the metastable state.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Feb 1, 1992•1 citation

Photonic Crystal Microcavity Amplifier

D. Biallo, Antonella D’Orazio, M. De Sario +3 more

Summary form only given: Amplification in rare-earth doped solid state planar optical structures has attracted a lot of interest in recent years due to the fact that the rare earth ions show sharp absorption and emission bands and relatively long luminescence lifetimes. In particular the erbium (Er) ion is very attractive because of its intra 4f-transition from the first excited state to the ground state around 1.53 mum (4I13/2-4I15/2). The main problem of the erbium doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs) is that high values of the Er3+concentration are required to reach high gain figures in a compact length, but in this way the concentration quenching effects become very considerable and detrimental to the optical gain, since they reduce the population in the first excited state. A good solution to overcome this dramatic drawback is to consider erbium doped photonic crystal amplifier (EDPCA). In fact the small group velocity of electromagnetic eigenmodes brings about the enhancement of stimulated emission if the photonic crystals are doped by active media as the rare earth ions E3+r or Yt3+. This phenomenon originates from the long interaction time between radiation field and the matter caused by the small group velocity near the edge of the photonic band gap. The efficient confinement of light is achievable not only by tuning the input signal at the band edge of the gap of the photonic crystal but it is also obtainable by introducing local defects inside photonic crystals. The density of electromagnetic states inside a cavity is significantly modified and the spontaneous emission of atoms in a cavity can be either enhanced or inhibited. Erbium doped silica-titania one-dimensional photonic crystal microcavities have been analyzed by solving the erbium rate equations and the Maxwell equations by means of an auxiliary differential equation finite difference time domain technique. Since the performance of optical amplifiers depends on the populations of the energy levels participating in radiative transitions, determined principally by the distribution and concentration of the rare-earth ions and by the pumping conditions, the relations between these parameters and the transmittance of the EDPCMA have been studied

International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks•Jun 1, 2006•0 citations

Amplifying properties of heavily erbium-doped active fibres

A Yu Plotskii, А.С. Курков, Mikhail Yu. Yashkov +5 more

The relative concentration of erbium ions undergoing nonradiative relaxation from the metastable to the ground level is measured in aluminosilicate glass fibres doped with erbium ions at concentration between 3 × 10 18 and 10 20 cm -3 . The dependence of the fraction of such ions on the Er 3+ concentration is determined for fibres containing different amounts of aluminium oxide in a core. It is shown that the fraction of erbium ions not involved in amplification substantially decreases with increasing the Al 2 O 3 concentration. It is found that clustering leads to a considerable decrease in the gain in heavily Er 3+ -doped active fibres. The dependence of the quantum efficiency of a fibre amplifier on the erbium ion concentration is obtained based on the measurements performed. This dependence can be used for optimising the parameters of erbium-doped fibre amplifiers.

Quantum Electronics•Jun 30, 2005•22 citations
Rare earth doped fibre amplifiers for the 1300nm and 1550nm communication windows are analysed in regard to their performance limitations and potential for telecommunications applications. Erbium doped fibre amplifiers in the 1550nm window have been very successful, and efficient, high gain, low noise devices with pump power requirements of tens of mW have bean demonstrated. For the 1300nm window both Neodynium and Praseodymium are potential candidates for doped fibre amplifiers. However these devices are inherently much less efficient, due to the short metastable level lifetimes in these rare-earth Ions.
A complete experimental and theoretical study of rare earth doped fiber-optic amplifiers for the first tele-communication window has been made. The thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifier is shown to provide amplification in the 800nm-820nm signal region. A complete steady state theoretical model has been presented and the model has been experimentally verified. The model predicts the gain, noise figure and the amplified spontaneous emission in the 800nm, 1470nm, 1900nm and 2300nm bands. The effect of population trapping at the sp3Fsb4\\sp3F\\sb4sp3Fsb4 energy level of thulium ion is also shown with the help of the model. It has been shown that about 5-15%o of the population is trapped at the sp3Fsb4\\sp3F\\sb4sp3Fsb4 energy level. We have also shown theoretically, the expected gain and noise performance of Thulium doped fluoride fiber amplifiers pumped in the 680nm absorption band. The maximum gain at 806nm is slightly lower than with comparable 780 nm pumping. The gain bandwidth is however found to increase with 680nm pumping. The higher ASE at shorter wavelengths ($<$806nm) reduces the gain at the peak wavelength (806nm). This is a result of the better inversion with three level pumping at 680nm as compared to two level resonant pumping at 780nm. We report an efficient single mode erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier in the 850nm signal band for the first time. The amplification is through an up-conversion process. The erbium doped flouride fiber amplifier was pumped with an estimated pump power of 35mW at 792nm. We have also considered a theoretical model for a single mode erbium doped fluoride fiber amplifier. Efficient amplification occurs because of the strong excited state absorption at the pump wavelength from the sp4Isb13/2\\sp4I\\sb{13/2}sp4Isb13/2 energy level.
Optical fiber communication is of great importance in information transmission. Increasing the transmission capacity of optical fiber systems is a solution to meet the increasing demand for information, in which rare earth ion-doped fiber amplifiers play an important role. In this paper, the quasi-quadruple-energy structure of is equated and simplified to a conventional triple-energy structure to improve amplification's efficiency and significance. By exploring the influence of many factors on the praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier, the amplification band with gain window between 1250-1350nm is verified, and the amplification of the central wavelength of 1310nm is realized. It provides a theoretical reference for the subsequent application of praseodymium-doped fiber amplifiers in communication engineering, laser amplification and other fields. Since the amplification band of praseodymium-doped fiber amplifier matches the zero dispersion point of 6.652 optical fiber, it will have a huge application market in the 1310nm optical communication system.
Summary form only given: Amplification in rare-earth doped solid state planar optical structures has attracted a lot of interest in recent years due to the fact that the rare earth ions show sharp absorption and emission bands and relatively long luminescence lifetimes. In particular the erbium (Er) ion is very attractive because of its intra 4f-transition from the first excited state to the ground state around 1.53 mum (4I13/2-4I15/2). The main problem of the erbium doped waveguide amplifiers (EDWAs) is that high values of the Er3+concentration are required to reach high gain figures in a compact length, but in this way the concentration quenching effects become very considerable and detrimental to the optical gain, since they reduce the population in the first excited state. A good solution to overcome this dramatic drawback is to consider erbium doped photonic crystal amplifier (EDPCA). In fact the small group velocity of electromagnetic eigenmodes brings about the enhancement of stimulated emission if the photonic crystals are doped by active media as the rare earth ions E3+r or Yt3+. This phenomenon originates from the long interaction time between radiation field and the matter caused by the small group velocity near the edge of the photonic band gap. The efficient confinement of light is achievable not only by tuning the input signal at the band edge of the gap of the photonic crystal but it is also obtainable by introducing local defects inside photonic crystals. The density of electromagnetic states inside a cavity is significantly modified and the spontaneous emission of atoms in a cavity can be either enhanced or inhibited. Erbium doped silica-titania one-dimensional photonic crystal microcavities have been analyzed by solving the erbium rate equations and the Maxwell equations by means of an auxiliary differential equation finite difference time domain technique. Since the performance of optical amplifiers depends on the populations of the energy levels participating in radiative transitions, determined principally by the distribution and concentration of the rare-earth ions and by the pumping conditions, the relations between these parameters and the transmittance of the EDPCMA have been studied
The relative concentration of erbium ions undergoing nonradiative relaxation from the metastable to the ground level is measured in aluminosilicate glass fibres doped with erbium ions at concentration between 3 × 10 18 and 10 20 cm -3 . The dependence of the fraction of such ions on the Er 3+ concentration is determined for fibres containing different amounts of aluminium oxide in a core. It is shown that the fraction of erbium ions not involved in amplification substantially decreases with increasing the Al 2 O 3 concentration. It is found that clustering leads to a considerable decrease in the gain in heavily Er 3+ -doped active fibres. The dependence of the quantum efficiency of a fibre amplifier on the erbium ion concentration is obtained based on the measurements performed. This dependence can be used for optimising the parameters of erbium-doped fibre amplifiers.