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Journal of the Korean Physical Society

Study on the square-lattice Ising model with self-dual boundary conditions

Seung‐Yeon Kim

Published Dec 1, 2014• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The exact specific heats of the Ising ferromagnet on L × L square lattices ( L = 3 ~ 16) with self-dual boundary conditions are evaluated using the microcanonical transfer matrix and high-performance massive computing. From the specific heats, we obtain the shift exponent λ = 1.879(9) for the square-lattice Ising ferromagnet with self-dual boundary conditions in the thermodynamic limit ( L → ∞) for the first time.

DOI
10.3938/jkps.65.2009

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The exact specific heats of the Ising ferromagnet on L × L square lattices ( L = 3 ~ 16) with self-dual boundary conditions are evaluated using the microcanonical transfer matrix and high-performance massive computing. From the specific heats, we obtain the shift exponent λ = 1.879(9) for the square-lattice Ising ferromagnet with self-dual boundary conditions in the thermodynamic limit ( L → ∞) for the first time.
The exact integer values for the density of states of the Ising model on an L×L square lattice with self-dual boundary conditions are evaluated up to L = 22 for the first time by counting all possible spin states (enormous 2 485 ≈ 10 146 states for L = 22). The exact partition function zeros in the complex temperature plane, very sensitive indicators for phase transitions and critical phenomena, are obtained by using the density of states. From the behavior of the partition function zeros, the shift exponent λ of the square-lattice Ising model with self-dual boundary conditions is accurately and precisely estimated to be λ = 2.0000000(2), clearly indicating λ = 2.
The square-lattice Ising model is the simplest system showing phase transitions (the transition between the paramagnetic phase and the ferromagnetic phase and the transition between the paramagnetic phase and the antiferromagnetic phase) and critical phenomena at finite temperatures. The exact solution of the squarelattice Ising model with free boundary conditions is not known for systems of arbitrary size. For the first time, the exact solution of the Ising model on the square lattice with free boundary conditions is obtained after classifying all ) spin configurations with the microcanonical transfer matrix. Also, the phase transitions and critical phenomena of the square-lattice Ising model are discussed using the exact solution on the square lattice with free boundary conditions.
Layered square-lattice ferromagnetic Ising models (∞×∞× n lattices) are studied by the Monte Carlo simulation with the periodic boundary condition( n = 3 ∼8) and with the free boundary condition ( n = 4 ∼14) in the n -direction. The results show the dimensionality crossover from the square-lattice Ising model to the simple-cubic Ising model. The shift exponent λ shows the size dependent behavior contrary to the previous results, and goes to about λ∼1.60 in the limit, n → ∞, for both boundary conditions, which is consistent with λ= 1/ ν 3d .
The exact partition functions of the Ising model on L × L square lattices with free boundary conditions are evaluated up to L = 22 for the first time by using a microcanonical transfer matrix and counting all possible spin states. The total number of states is 2 22×22 = 2 484 ≈ 5.0 × 10 145 for L = 22. Using the partition function zeros in the complex temperature plane of the Ising model on L × L square lattices with free boundary conditions, we analyze the critical behavior of the square-lattice Ising antiferromagnet and compare them with the results for periodic boundary conditions (the most popular boundary conditions). Our results show clearly that free boundary conditions are much more efficient than periodic boundary conditions in the study of an antiferromagnet.
A simple renormalisation-group approach based on self-dual clusters is proposed for the two-dimensional nearest-neighbour spin- 1 / 2 Ising model on the square lattice; it reproduces the exact critical point. The authors calculate the internal energy and the specific heat for vanishing external magnetic field, spontaneous magnetisation and the thermal (y T ) and magnetic (y H ) critical exponents. The results obtained from the first four smallest cluster sizes strongly suggest the convergence towards the exact values when the cluster size increases. Even for the smallest cluster, where the calculation is very simple, the results are quite accurate, particularly in the neighbourhood of the critical point.