Physical Review

Selective Absorption of Circularly Polarized Light in Broad Bands by the Zeeman Components of Divalent Thulium in Calcium Fluoride

Charles H. Anderson, Herbert A. Weakliem, Edward S. Sabisky

Published Mar 4, 1966• 43 citations

Abstract

The paramagnetic circular dichroism of the $4f\ensuremath{-}5d$ absorption bands of Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$:${\mathrm{Tm}}^{2+}$ was investigated at 2.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 9.0kG. Using group theory it is shown that the bands can be separated into ${E}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ and ${G}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ character. Experimentally it was found that in this case the bands are primarily ${G}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ in character. Optical pumping experiments were performed where changes as large as \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20% were easily observed in the electron-paramagnetic-resonance absorption signal at $X$-band frequencies and 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by changing the polarization of the pump light from right to left circular. A method for optically monitoring the difference in the population of the two Zeeman components of the ground state is also reported on.

DOI: 10.1103/physrev.143.223

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Physical Review

Selective Absorption of Circularly Polarized Light in Broad Bands by the Zeeman Components of Divalent Thulium in Calcium Fluoride

Charles H. Anderson, Herbert A. Weakliem, Edward S. Sabisky

Published Mar 4, 1966• 43 citations

Publisher

Abstract

The paramagnetic circular dichroism of the

4f\ensuremath{-}5d

absorption bands of Ca

{\mathrm{F}}_{2}

{\mathrm{Tm}}^{2+}

was investigated at 2.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 9.0kG. Using group theory it is shown that the bands can be separated into

{E}_{\frac{5}{2}}

and

{G}_{\frac{3}{2}}

character. Experimentally it was found that in this case the bands are primarily

{G}_{\frac{3}{2}}

in character. Optical pumping experiments were performed where changes as large as \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20% were easily observed in the electron-paramagnetic-resonance absorption signal at

X

-band frequencies and 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by changing the polarization of the pump light from right to left circular. A method for optically monitoring the difference in the population of the two Zeeman components of the ground state is also reported on.

DOI: 10.1103/physrev.143.223

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The paramagnetic circular dichroism of the

4f\ensuremath{-}5d

absorption bands of Ca

{\mathrm{F}}_{2}

{\mathrm{Tm}}^{2+}

was investigated at 2.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 9.0kG. Using group theory it is shown that the bands can be separated into

{E}_{\frac{5}{2}}

and

{G}_{\frac{3}{2}}

character. Experimentally it was found that in this case the bands are primarily

{G}_{\frac{3}{2}}

in character. Optical pumping experiments were performed where changes as large as \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20% were easily observed in the electron-paramagnetic-resonance absorption signal at

X

ESR signals of

{\mathrm{Tm}}^{2+}

{\mathrm{SrF}}_{2}

are observed in the ground

{(}^{2}

{\mathrm{F}}_{7/2}

{E}_{5/2}

) and metastable

{(}^{2}

{\mathrm{F}}_{5/2}

{E}_{5/2}

) states in low magnetic fields (0--300 Oe) at liquid-helium temperatures. We achieved a very high detection sensitivity (\ensuremath{\sim}

{10}^{9}

spins in the ground state) using optical means; the population differences are created by circular dichroism and spin memory, and the change of the Faraday rotation is detected by a polarimeter. Several interesting phenomena were observed. The signals in the ground and metastable states appeared with opposite polarities. The preferential pumping from the metastable state was examined by a double pumping experiment. We also measured the Faraday rotation between 4000 and 7000 A\r{}. The experimental results suggest that the magnetization in the metastable state created by the preferential pumping from the ground state followed by the spin memory is in the opposite direction to that in the ground state. Anomalous behavior of the metastable-state signals was observed both in frequency and time domains. These are explained as an effect of the metastable-state--ground-state cross relaxation enhanced by the ground-state--ground-state cross relaxation.

{\mathrm{Eu}}^{2+}

ion in Ca

{\mathrm{F}}_{2}

for a modulation frequency of 9.5 GHz.

6{S}_{1∕2},F=3,{m}_{F}=0

6{S}_{1∕2},F=3,{m}_{F}=3

state by optically pumping atoms trapped in a magneto-optical trap. We use the

D1

resonance with large lower and upper state hyperfine splittings as a probe transition to avoid hyperfine mixing from the Zeeman interaction. Under this idealized situation we measure the Stokes parameters in order to find the polarization rotation and circular dichroism experienced by the probe light. We find that there are qualitative differences between the results for the

{m}_{F}=0

and

{m}_{F}=3

cases. While dispersion and consequent Faraday rotation play a dominant role when the atoms are in the

{m}_{F}=0

state, it is dissipation and circular dichroism that are important when they are in the

{m}_{F}=3

state. Similarly, while the size of the Faraday rotation and the circular dichroism for the

{m}_{F}=0

case scales linearly with the applied magnetic field, for the

{m}_{F}=3

case it is the shift of the probe polarization change versus frequency that is linearly proportional to the magnetic field strength.