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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Theory of damped Rabi oscillations at finite temperatures

Shigemasa Matsuo, Toshiyuki Fujii, Norihito Kosugi, Noriyuki Hatakenaka

Published Feb 1, 2009• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Rabi oscillations in the presence of dissipation are theoretically studied at finite temperatures. The system that we consider is a quantum two-level system with both internal relaxations and external decays under an alternating field. The environment modeled by a set consisting of an infinite number of harmonic oscillators is employed in order to introduce temperature into the system. The equations of motion for the density matrix (Liouville equation) of such a quantum two-level system coupled to a Caldeira-Leggett-type environment are obtained with the Born-Markov approximation. Internal relaxations of the system are incorporated into the Liouville equations using the Redfield theory, resulting in Liouville equations with temperature-dependent relaxation rates. The exact solutions are obtained by using the Torrey method based on the Laplace transform. The solution for damped Rabi oscillations can be divided into elementary relaxation processes such as a simple decay and a damped oscillation. Since the coefficients of the solution involve physical relaxation rates corresponding to the processes, all the relaxation rates such as the dephasing rate are determined by simple calculations of the coefficients in these different relaxation processes.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/150/2/022056

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Rabi oscillations in the presence of dissipation are theoretically studied at finite temperatures. The system that we consider is a quantum two-level system with both internal relaxations and external decays under an alternating field. The environment modeled by a set consisting of an infinite number of harmonic oscillators is employed in order to introduce temperature into the system. The equations of motion for the density matrix (Liouville equation) of such a quantum two-level system coupled to a Caldeira-Leggett-type environment are obtained with the Born-Markov approximation. Internal relaxations of the system are incorporated into the Liouville equations using the Redfield theory, resulting in Liouville equations with temperature-dependent relaxation rates. The exact solutions are obtained by using the Torrey method based on the Laplace transform. The solution for damped Rabi oscillations can be divided into elementary relaxation processes such as a simple decay and a damped oscillation. Since the coefficients of the solution involve physical relaxation rates corresponding to the processes, all the relaxation rates such as the dephasing rate are determined by simple calculations of the coefficients in these different relaxation processes.
Rabi oscillations with decays to the outside world as well as internal relaxations are theoretically studied. The density-matrix equations of motion are exactly solved by extending the Torrey method based on Laplace transform technique, and then general solutions involving different decay processes are obtained. The special solution describing damped Rabi oscillations is successively explained on the remarkable features of a Josephson phase qubit demonstrated by Yu. In addition, a new technique is proposed for determining all the relaxation rates including an internal relaxation rate ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{10}$ and the pure dephasing rate ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}$ by using the decay rates of damped oscillating solutions with different decay processes.
We obtain analytic solutions to various models of dissipation of the quantum harmonic oscillator, employing a simple method in the Wigner function Fourier transform description of the system; and study as an exemplification, the driven open quantum harmonic oscillator. The environmental models we use are based on optical master equations for the zero and finite temperature bath and whose open dynamics are described by a Lindblad master equation, and also we use the Caldeira-Leggett model for the high temperature limit, in the the under damped an the over damped case. Under the Wigner Fourier transform or chord function as it has been called, it becomes particularly simple to solve the dynamics of the open oscillator in the sense that the dynamics of the system are reduced to the application of an evolution matrix related to the damped motion of the oscillator.
We derive and analyze the Born-Markov master equation for a quantum harmonic oscillator interacting with a bath of independent two-level systems. This hitherto virtually unexplored model plays a fundamental role as one of the four ``canonical'' system-environment models for decoherence and dissipation. To investigate the influence of further couplings of the environmental spins to a dissipative bath, we also derive the master equation for a harmonic oscillator interacting with a single spin coupled to a bosonic bath. Our models are experimentally motivated by quantum-electromechanical systems and micron-scale ion traps. Decoherence and dissipation rates are found to exhibit temperature dependencies significantly different from those in quantum Brownian motion. In particular, the systematic dissipation rate for the central oscillator decreases with increasing temperature and goes to zero at zero temperature, but there also exists a temperature-independent momentum-diffusion (heating) rate.
A systematic investigation is performed on the damping of Rabi oscillations induced by an external electromagnetic field interacting with a two-level semiconductor system. We have considered a coherently driven two-level system coupled to a dephasing reservoir and shown that, to explain the dependence of the dephasing rate on the driving intensity, it is essential to consider the non-Markovian character of the reservoir. Moreover, we have demonstrated that intensity-dependent damping may be induced by various dephasing mechanisms due to stationary as well as non-stationary effects caused by coupling with the environment. Finally, present results are able to explain a variety of experimental measurements available in the literature.
The eigenvalue problem of Kossakowski-Linblad’s kinetic equation associated with the reduced density matrix of a harmonic oscillator interacting with a thermal bath in equilibrium is solved. The solution gives rise to a complete orthogonal eigenbasis endowed with Hilbert space structure that has a weighted norm. We find that the eigenfunctions at finite temperature can be obtained from the eigenfunction at zero temperature through a hyperbolic rotation on the position variables. This transformation enables the extension of the simple harmonic oscillator density matrix to that of a finite temperature. We further investigate the decay of these extended states under our dissipative kinetic equation. Furthermore, the Hilbert space structure enables the proof of a H-theorem in this system. We apply the eigenbasis expansion of an initial state to analyze decohorence as well as coherence processes. We find that coherence process occurs at a longer time scale compared to decoherence process. The time scales of both processes are estimated with the eigenbasis expansion. In the same way we analyze the evolution of the coherent state. We show that in addition to the ordinary decay time, we found another time scale which is defined by the time when the motion of the peak of the coherent state become comparative to the width of the coherent state. In contrast to the ordinary decay time this new relaxation time depends on the initial value of the momentum of the oscillator. We also find that our eigenbasis is applicable to a class of non-linear interactions, with a slight extension of the form of transport coefficients due to the non-linear interactions.
We present the complete analytical solution of the cavity QED of a two-level atom and a field mode at zero temperature. It includes both dissipation of the field due to a finite Q value of the cavity and incoherent decay mechanisms for the atom. This analytical solution is provided by a powerful method for treating general master equations that appear in quantum optics. As distinct from the usual approaches we first deal with that part of the master equation which describes the dissipative coupling of the field and the atom to their reservoirs. Rather than using number-state or dressed-state bases we expand the density operator into the eigenstates of the nonunitary parts of the master equation which model the dissipative part of the dynamics. The set of these eigenstates is the damping basis. With the aid of this expansion we find the eigenvalues and eigenstates of the total Liouville operator. The evolution of an arbitrary initial state is then known. We employ these results to give an exact solution of the dynamics of the photon field in realistic experiments with one-atom masers at very low temperatures. It includes detuning, cavity leakage effects, spontaneous decay mechanisms for the atoms, a Fizeau-type velocity distribution for the atomic beam, and a statistical parameter for the probability of the excitation of incoming atoms, covering the limits of Poissonian pumping and of regular pumping. On the same grounds one can treat the one-atom laser, consisting of a single atom which stays in permanent interaction with the field mode and which is continuously pumped by external heat baths.