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Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics

Photon antibunching in nonlinear optical processes (review)

M. Kozierowski

Published Jun 30, 1981• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recent investigations of photon antibunching are reviewed briefly. The fundamental viewpoints regarding this effect are given. A detailed analysis is made of the processes of generation of higher optical harmonics as a source of anticorrelated photons and also of superchaotic light.
DOI
10.1070/qe1981v011n06abeh007029

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A review is given of recent theoretical studies devoted to the problem of generating radiation fields that exhibit the opposite of the well-known bunching of photons observed in light from thermal sources, the so-called antibunching effect. It is made clear that this phenomenon reflects the corpuscular nature of light and, hence, cannot be interpreted in terms of classical electrodynamics, needing, instead, the quantum-mechanical formalism for its description. It is shown in some detail that nonlinear interaction mechanisms like multiphoton absorption and parametric three-wave interaction are suited to change the photon statistical properties of incident (in most cases coherent) light such that the output field will be endowed with antibunching properties. Special emphasis is given to the problem of correctly specifying the dimensions of the mode volume occurring in the usual single-mode treatment of the field, which is, in fact, of great practical interest, since the magnitude of the antibunching effect is determined by the inverse average number of photons contained in that volume. In a later section it is pointed out that destructive interference with a coherent reference beam provides a means of (a) effectively enhancing photon antibunching that is already present in a high-intensity field, through reduction of the intensity, and (b) transforming phase fluctuations produced in a Kerr medium into antibunching-type intensity fluctuations. On the other hand, there exists a way of directly generating light with antibunching properties, the physical mechanism being resonance fluorescence from a single atom. The main features of this technique, both theoretical and experimental, are outlined, including a discussion of the first experimental results obtained a few years ago.
We analyze the most popular approaches to photon antibunching as exemplified in a sim-ple model of second-harmonic generation. We find the exact evolution of the fundamental and harmonic fields for initial Fock states with small photon numbers. We show explicitly that definitions of photon antibunching based on the unnormalized, G(2)(t, t′), and normal-ized, g(2)(t, t′), two-time correlation functions describe distinct phenomena for nonstationary fields. For completeness, we also compare antibunching effects defined by the two-time and single-time correlations. 1 Photon antibunching Photon antibunching and sub-Poisson photon statistics (also called antibunching) reveal the quan-tum nature of light and therefore have received a great deal of attention during the last decades. The first detection of antibunched light by Kimble, Dagenais and Mandel [1] and first detection of sub-Poisson light by Short and Mandel [2] are regarded as milestones in the progress in quantum optics. In spite of many experimental and theoretical achievements, a deeper analysis of these effects seems to be necessary, particularly in the case of nonstationary fields. We shall clarify some of these aspects by referring to an example of second-harmonic generation. There are several commonly used definitions of photon antibunching for a single-mode radiation field (e.g., Refs. [1]–[9]): Definition I: The photon antibunching (see, e.g., Ref. [3]) occurs if the two-time light intensity correlation function G(2)(t, t+ τ) increases from its initial value at τ = 0,
Since the introduction of higher order nonclassical effects, higher order squeezing has been reported in a number of different physical systems but higher order antibunching is predicted only in three particular cases. In the present work, we have shown that the higher order antibunching is not a rare phenomenon rather it can be seen in many simple optical processes. To establish our claim, we have shown it in six wave mixing process, four wave mixing process and in second harmonic generation process.
Since the introduction of higher order nonclassical effects, higher order squeezing has been reported in a number of different physical systems but higher order antibunching is predicted only in three particular cases. In the present work, we have shown that the higher order antibunching is not a rare phenomenon rather it can be seen in many simple optical processes. To establish our claim, we have shown it in six wave mixing process, four wave mixing process and in second harmonic generation process.