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Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II Electronics)

Generation of correlated photon pairs in the 1550‐nm band using a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide

Shigehiko Mori, Masayuki Motoya, Naoto Namekata, Shuichiro Inoue

Published Oct 11, 2005• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract Long‐distance communication is important for practical quantum key distribution. From the viewpoint of transmission distance, generation of single photons at 1550 nm is desirable for fiber transmission. Making use of parametric down‐conversion (signal and idler photons) as a single photon source for quantum key distribution can obtain communication distance longer than using a conventional weak coherent pulse. The reason for this is that the arrival time of the idler photon can be known by the detection of signal photon and therefore the dark count probability can be reduced by operating Bob's detector for a very short time around the photon arrival. In this paper, we report on the generation of the correlated photon pairs in the 1550‐nm band using a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide which has a high conversion efficiency. Our measurements are in agreement with a Poissonian photon‐pair distribution. We have deduced that the probability of multi‐photon‐pair generation is sufficiently reduced when the pump is lower than 5 µW with a repetition rate of 800 kHz. We also demonstrated a two‐photon interference experiment using a Mach‐Zehnder interferometer to confirm the quantum‐mechanical nature of the correlated photon pairs. We found that that visibility was decreased when the pump power was increased due to the multi‐photon‐pair contribution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(11): 28–36, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20130

DOI
10.1002/ecjb.20130

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Abstract Long‐distance communication is important for practical quantum key distribution. From the viewpoint of transmission distance, generation of single photons at 1550 nm is desirable for fiber transmission. Making use of parametric down‐conversion (signal and idler photons) as a single photon source for quantum key distribution can obtain communication distance longer than using a conventional weak coherent pulse. The reason for this is that the arrival time of the idler photon can be known by the detection of signal photon and therefore the dark count probability can be reduced by operating Bob's detector for a very short time around the photon arrival. In this paper, we report on the generation of the correlated photon pairs in the 1550‐nm band using a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide which has a high conversion efficiency. Our measurements are in agreement with a Poissonian photon‐pair distribution. We have deduced that the probability of multi‐photon‐pair generation is sufficiently reduced when the pump is lower than 5 µW with a repetition rate of 800 kHz. We also demonstrated a two‐photon interference experiment using a Mach‐Zehnder interferometer to confirm the quantum‐mechanical nature of the correlated photon pairs. We found that that visibility was decreased when the pump power was increased due to the multi‐photon‐pair contribution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(11): 28–36, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20130
On quantum communication technologies based on an optical fiber channel, for example a quantum key distribution, it is essential to generate a single photon and a correlated photon pair at telecom wavelength efficiently. We report on the single-photon generation at 1550 nm using photon pairs generated by the spontaneous parametric down-conversion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 89(2): 8–18, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20227
In this paper we measure the efficiency of photon pair production from parametric downconversion at the photon counting level, generated in a laboratory prototype of PPLN waveguide at 1572 nm. The aim is to enhance the brightness of an heralded single photon source and to improve compactness for quantum communication applications, namely quantum key distribution. We observed a maximum of the conversion efficiency corresponding to 7.9 106 photon pairs/s for a pump power of 28 μW. This value is compared with the measured pairs production in a classical experiment of difference frequency generation, realized with the same sample by analogue classical detection. We highlight the advantages of using the waveguide versus a bulk PPLN for such applications and we foresee further possible improvements by adopting waveguide in a single photon level experimental setup.
We demonstrate 1500 nm band single-photon detection with low dark-count noise and a potentially high efficiency, which may allow long distance and high-bit-rate quantum key distribution. By developing frequency upconversion devices based on periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides, which are specifically designed to use a pump wavelength longer than that of communication-band photons, we completely eliminate the dark-count noise caused by parasitic nonlinear processes in the waveguide. We observed an internal conversion efficiency as high as 40% and demonstrated scaling down to the single photon level while maintaining a background dark-count rate of 10(2)s(-1).
A new kind of correlated photon-pair source based on a waveguide integrated on a periodically poled lithium niobate substrate is reported. Using a pump laser of a few µW at 657 nm, photon-pairs are generated/degenerated at 1314 nm. Detecting ~1500 coincidences per second, a conversion rate of 10-6 pairs per pump photon can be inferred, which is four orders of magnitude higher than that obtained with previous bulk sources. These results are very promising for the realisation of sources for quantum communication and quantum metrology experiments requiring a high signal-to-noise ratio or working with more than one photon-pair at a time.
We report on a new kind of correlated photon-pair source based on a waveguide integrated on a Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate substrate. Using a pump laser of a few micro-Watts at 657 nm, we generate degenerate photon-pairs at 1314 nm. Detecting about 1500 coincidences per second, we can infer a conversion rate of 10-6 pairs per pump photon, which is four orders of magnitude higher than that obtained with previous bulk sources. These results are very promising for the realization of sources for quantum communication and quantum metrology experiments requiring a high signal-to-noise ratio or working with more than one photon-pair at a time.
The frequency entangled photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) possess wide applications in quantum optics and relevant fields.To facilitate the practical quantum information technologies,particularly in optical fiber links,a frequency entangled source at telecommunication wavelength with features of compactness,portability,high efficiency and miniaturization is highly desired.In this paper,we report the experimental generation of a miniaturized frequency entangled source in telecommunication band from a 10 mm-long type-Ⅱ periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide pumped by a 780 nm distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser diode.The frequency entangled photon pairs generated by SPDC possess wide applications in quantum optics and relevant fields.When the DBR laser diode is driven by a current of 170 mA at a temperature controlled to 20℃,the output power is measured to be 70.4 mW with a central wavelength of 780.585 nm.Under this pump,the orthogonally-polarized photon pairs are generated and output from the PPLN waveguide.After filtering out the remaining pump by three high-performance long-pass filters mounted on an adjustable U-type fiber bench,the photon-pair generation rate,spectral and temporal properties of the generated frequency entangled source are measured.The results show that the generation rate of the photon pairs,after being corrected for the detection efficiencies of the single photon detectors and the optical losses,is achieved to be 1.86×107 s-1 at a pump power of 44.9 mW (coupled into the waveguide).Optimizing the working temperature of the waveguide and fixing it at 46.5℃,the frequency degeneracy of the SPDC generated photon pairs is realized.Based on the coincidence measurement setup together with two infrared spectrometers,the spectra of the signal and idler photons are obtained with their center wavelengths of 1561.43 nm and 1561.45 nm,and their 3-dB bandwidths of 3.62 nm and 3.60 nm respectively.The joint spectrum of the photon pair is observed,showing a joint spectrum bandwidth of 3.18 nm.The degree of frequency entanglement is quantified to be 1.13 according to the bandwidth ratio between the single photon spectrum and the joint spectrum.Furthermore,based on the Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometric coincidence measurement setup,a visibility of about 96.1% is observed,which indicates the very good frequency indistinguishibility of the down-converted biphotons.The measured 3-dB width of the HOM dip is 1.47 ps and shows good agreement with the measured single-photon spectral bandwidth.The experimental results lay a solid foundation for developing portable,miniaturized frequency entangled sources at telecommunication band for the further applications in quantum information areas,such as quantum time synchronization.