Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Behavior of the Lieb-Mattis spin-degeneracy theorem with periodic boundary conditions

A.-C. Riiser, F. Ravndal

Published Aug 15, 1993• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Numerical diagonalization of the one-dimensional Hubbard Hamiltonian describing interacting electrons on cyclic chains shows that the ground states do not always have the lowest possible spin multiplicity as expected from the Lieb-Mattis theorem. It is satisfied, however, when the chains are opened and have free boundary conditions.
DOI
10.1103/physrevb.48.5648

Related papers

THEOREM ON THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL INTERACTING-ELECTRON SYSTEM ON A LATTICE

No author provided

A theorem about the spin properties of the ground state and the ordering of the energy levels for different spins of an interacting-electron model including an arbitrary diagonal interacting potential, an antiferromagnetic exchange, and an electron pair-hopping term for particles on a one-dimensional lattice is stated and proved. We show that when the number of electrons N = 4n + 2 (n an integer) with periodic boundary conditions or N = 4n with antiperiodic boundary conditions, the ground state is a nondegenerate singlet. This theorem generalizes a similar theorem Lieb and Mattis proved for the one-dimensional interacting electron system.

•Sep 10, 2026•0 citations

Theorem on the one-dimensional interacting-electron system on a lattice

Tao Xiang, N. d’Ambrumenil

A theorem about the spin properties of the ground state and the ordering of the energy levels for different spins of an interacting-electron model including an arbitrary diagonal interacting potential, an antiferromagnetic exchange, and an electron pair-hopping term for particles on a one-dimensional lattice is stated and proved. We show that when the number of electrons N=4n+2 (n an integer) with periodic boundary conditions or N=4n with antiperiodic boundary conditions, the ground state is a nondegenerate singlet. This theorem generalizes a similar theorem Lieb and Mattis proved for the one-dimensional interacting electron system.

Physical review. B, Condensed matter•Nov 1, 1992•8 citations

The Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem. A topological point of view

Hal Tasaki

We review the Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem and its variants, which are no-go theorems that state that a quantum many-body system with certain conditions cannot have a locally-unique gapped ground state. We restrict ourselves to one-dimensional quantum spin systems and discuss both the generalized Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem for models with U(1) symmetry and the extended Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem for models with discrete symmetry. We also discuss the implication of the same arguments to systems on the infinite cylinder, both with the periodic boundary conditions and with the spiral boundary conditions. For models with U(1) symmetry, we here present a rearranged version of the original proof of Lieb, Schultz, and Mattis based on the twist operator. As the title suggests, we take a modern topological point of view and prove the generalized Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem by making use of a topological index (which coincides with the filling factor). By a topological index, we mean an index that characterizes a locally-unique gapped ground state and is invariant under continuous (or smooth) modification of the ground state. For models with discrete symmetry, we describe the basic idea of the most general proof based on the topological index introduced in the context of symmetry-protected topological phases. We start from background materials such as the classification of projective representations of the symmetry group. We also review the notion that we call a locally-unique gapped ground state of a quantum spin system on an infinite lattice and present basic theorems. This notion turns out to be natural and useful from the physicists’ point of view. We have tried to make the present chapter readable and almost self-contained. We only assume basic knowledge about quantum spin systems.

arXiv:2202.06243•EMS Press eBooks•Jun 29, 2022•22 citations

Extension of the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis and Kolb theorem

K. Nomura

The theorem of Lieb, Schultz and Mattis (LSM), which states that the S=1/2 XXZ spin chain has gapless or degenerate ground states, can be applied to broader models. Independently, Kolb considered the relation between the wave number $q$ and the twisting boundary condition, and he obtained a similar result as LSM. However, in frustrating cases it is known that there exist several exceptions for the assumption of the unique lowest state for the finite size, which is important in the traditional LSM theorem. In our previous paper, without the assumption of the uniqueness, we have extended the LSMK theorem for frustrating and non-symmetric cases. However, there remains a complexity in the proof of continuity. In this paper, we will simplify the proof than the previous work.

arXiv:1608.06082•Aug 22, 2016•0 citations

BETHE ANSATZ SOLUTIONS FOR TEMPERLEY–LIEB QUANTUM SPIN CHAINS

R. C. T. Ghiotto, André Luiz Malvezzi

We solve the spectrum of quantum spin chains based on representations of the Temperley–Lieb algebra associated with the quantum groups [Formula: see text] for Xn=A1, Bn, Cn and Dn. The tool is a modified version of the coordinate Bethe ansatz through a suitable choice of the Bethe states which give to all models the same status relative to their diagonalization. All these models have equivalent spectra up to degeneracies and the spectra of the lower-dimensional representations are contained in the higher-dimensional ones. Periodic boundary conditions, free boundary conditions and closed nonlocal boundary conditions are considered. Periodic boundary conditions, unlike free boundary conditions, break quantum group invariance. For closed nonlocal cases the models are quantum group invariant as well as periodic in a certain sense.

arXiv:nlin/0003068•International Journal of Modern Physics A•Jan 1, 2000•2 citations

Quantum spin chains of Temperley–Lieb type: periodic boundary conditions, spectral multiplicities and finite temperature

Britta Aufgebauer, Andreas Klümper

We determine the spectra of a class of quantum spin chains of Temperley–Lieb type by utilizing the concept of Temperley–Lieb equivalence with the S = 1/2 XXZ chain as a reference system. We consider open boundary conditions and, in particular, periodic boundary conditions. For both types of boundaries the identification with XXZ spectra is performed within isomorphic representations of the underlying Temperley–Lieb algebra. For open boundaries the spectra of these models differ from the spectrum of the associated XXZ chain only in the multiplicities of the eigenvalues. The periodic case is rather different. Here we show how the spectrum is obtained sector-wise from the spectra of globally twisted XXZ chains. As a spin-off, we obtain a compact formula for the degeneracy of the momentum operator eigenvalues. Our representative theoretical results allow for the study of the thermodynamics by establishing a TL-equivalence at finite temperature and finite field .

arXiv:1003.1932•Journal of Statistical Mechanics Theory and Experiment•May 20, 2010•33 citations
A theorem about the spin properties of the ground state and the ordering of the energy levels for different spins of an interacting-electron model including an arbitrary diagonal interacting potential, an antiferromagnetic exchange, and an electron pair-hopping term for particles on a one-dimensional lattice is stated and proved. We show that when the number of electrons N = 4n + 2 (n an integer) with periodic boundary conditions or N = 4n with antiperiodic boundary conditions, the ground state is a nondegenerate singlet. This theorem generalizes a similar theorem Lieb and Mattis proved for the one-dimensional interacting electron system.
A theorem about the spin properties of the ground state and the ordering of the energy levels for different spins of an interacting-electron model including an arbitrary diagonal interacting potential, an antiferromagnetic exchange, and an electron pair-hopping term for particles on a one-dimensional lattice is stated and proved. We show that when the number of electrons N=4n+2 (n an integer) with periodic boundary conditions or N=4n with antiperiodic boundary conditions, the ground state is a nondegenerate singlet. This theorem generalizes a similar theorem Lieb and Mattis proved for the one-dimensional interacting electron system.
We review the Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem and its variants, which are no-go theorems that state that a quantum many-body system with certain conditions cannot have a locally-unique gapped ground state. We restrict ourselves to one-dimensional quantum spin systems and discuss both the generalized Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem for models with U(1) symmetry and the extended Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem for models with discrete symmetry. We also discuss the implication of the same arguments to systems on the infinite cylinder, both with the periodic boundary conditions and with the spiral boundary conditions. For models with U(1) symmetry, we here present a rearranged version of the original proof of Lieb, Schultz, and Mattis based on the twist operator. As the title suggests, we take a modern topological point of view and prove the generalized Lieb–Schultz–Mattis theorem by making use of a topological index (which coincides with the filling factor). By a topological index, we mean an index that characterizes a locally-unique gapped ground state and is invariant under continuous (or smooth) modification of the ground state. For models with discrete symmetry, we describe the basic idea of the most general proof based on the topological index introduced in the context of symmetry-protected topological phases. We start from background materials such as the classification of projective representations of the symmetry group. We also review the notion that we call a locally-unique gapped ground state of a quantum spin system on an infinite lattice and present basic theorems. This notion turns out to be natural and useful from the physicists’ point of view. We have tried to make the present chapter readable and almost self-contained. We only assume basic knowledge about quantum spin systems.
The theorem of Lieb, Schultz and Mattis (LSM), which states that the S=1/2 XXZ spin chain has gapless or degenerate ground states, can be applied to broader models. Independently, Kolb considered the relation between the wave number qqq and the twisting boundary condition, and he obtained a similar result as LSM. However, in frustrating cases it is known that there exist several exceptions for the assumption of the unique lowest state for the finite size, which is important in the traditional LSM theorem. In our previous paper, without the assumption of the uniqueness, we have extended the LSMK theorem for frustrating and non-symmetric cases. However, there remains a complexity in the proof of continuity. In this paper, we will simplify the proof than the previous work.
We solve the spectrum of quantum spin chains based on representations of the Temperley–Lieb algebra associated with the quantum groups [Formula: see text] for Xn=A1, Bn, Cn and Dn. The tool is a modified version of the coordinate Bethe ansatz through a suitable choice of the Bethe states which give to all models the same status relative to their diagonalization. All these models have equivalent spectra up to degeneracies and the spectra of the lower-dimensional representations are contained in the higher-dimensional ones. Periodic boundary conditions, free boundary conditions and closed nonlocal boundary conditions are considered. Periodic boundary conditions, unlike free boundary conditions, break quantum group invariance. For closed nonlocal cases the models are quantum group invariant as well as periodic in a certain sense.
We determine the spectra of a class of quantum spin chains of Temperley–Lieb type by utilizing the concept of Temperley–Lieb equivalence with the S = 1/2 XXZ chain as a reference system. We consider open boundary conditions and, in particular, periodic boundary conditions. For both types of boundaries the identification with XXZ spectra is performed within isomorphic representations of the underlying Temperley–Lieb algebra. For open boundaries the spectra of these models differ from the spectrum of the associated XXZ chain only in the multiplicities of the eigenvalues. The periodic case is rather different. Here we show how the spectrum is obtained sector-wise from the spectra of globally twisted XXZ chains. As a spin-off, we obtain a compact formula for the degeneracy of the momentum operator eigenvalues. Our representative theoretical results allow for the study of the thermodynamics by establishing a TL-equivalence at finite temperature and finite field .