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Physical Review Letters

Studies of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Thallium Vapor and Possible Utility for Measuring Atomic Parity Nonconservation

Alexander D. Cronin, Richard B. Warrington, S. K. Lamoreaux, E. Norval Fortson

Published Apr 27, 1998• 30 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Motivated by the potential use of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to measure atomic parity nonconservation (PNC), we have studied EIT and associated optical rotation for a three-level system in thallium vapor. EIT allows sub-Doppler resolution of the ${6P}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{6P}_{3/2}$ mixed magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole transition at $1.28\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ when $0.535\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ radiation acts on the ${6P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{7S}_{1/2}$ transition. Our measurements include rotation due to electromagnetically induced birefringence and Faraday rotation perturbed by EIT. We also identify a new method for determining the amplitude ratio $E2/M1$ for the $1.28\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ transition. The possible advantages of an EIT technique for measuring atomic PNC are discussed in the context of our results.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.80.3719

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Studies on Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in $\Lambda$-systems in $^{87}Rb$ atom

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We have investigated electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in two different $\Lambda$-systems in $^{87}Rb$ atom in $D_{2}$ line transitions. It is found that observed EIT signals in both the systems (A) ($|5^{2}S_{1/2} F=1\rangle \rightarrow |5^{2}P_{3/2} F'=1\rangle \leftarrow |5^{2}S_{1/2} F=2\rangle$) and (B) ($|5^{2}S_{1/2} F=1\rangle \rightarrow |5^{2}P_{3/2} F'=2\rangle \leftarrow |5^{2}S_{1/2} F=2\rangle$) have different strength and lineshape which are dependent on coupling beam power. For a given coupling beam power, the EIT signal with $\Lambda$-system (B) has more symmetric lineshape and greater strength than that obtained with system (A). The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the results of a six-level theoretical model. We have further investigated EIT in both these $\Lambda$-systems in presence of applied longitudinal magnetic field and observed that separation between Zeeman split-EIT peaks increased linearly with the strength of the magnetic field. At a fixed value of applied magnetic field, the strength of Zeeman split-EIT peaks in both the $\Lambda$-systems increases with increase in coupling beam power. In presence of magnetic field and at higher coupling power, the observed EIT signals (central peaks) have higher slope than that of signals obtained in absence of magnetic field. These studies establish that $\Lambda$-system (B) is more useful than $\Lambda$-system (A) from applications point of view.

•May 3, 2017•0 citations
Motivated by the potential use of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) to measure atomic parity nonconservation (PNC), we have studied EIT and associated optical rotation for a three-level system in thallium vapor. EIT allows sub-Doppler resolution of the 6P1/2\ensuremath→6P3/2{6P}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{6P}_{3/2}6P1/2​\ensuremath→6P3/2​ mixed magnetic dipole, electric quadrupole transition at 1.28\ensuremathμm1.28\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}1.28\ensuremathμm when 0.535\ensuremath−\ensuremathμm0.535\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}0.535\ensuremath−\ensuremathμm radiation acts on the 6P3/2\ensuremath→7S1/2{6P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{7S}_{1/2}6P3/2​\ensuremath→7S1/2​ transition. Our measurements include rotation due to electromagnetically induced birefringence and Faraday rotation perturbed by EIT. We also identify a new method for determining the amplitude ratio E2/M1E2/M1E2/M1 for the 1.28\ensuremath−\ensuremathμm1.28\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}1.28\ensuremath−\ensuremathμm transition. The possible advantages of an EIT technique for measuring atomic PNC are discussed in the context of our results.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was observed in a mismatched-wavelength cascade system using a room temperature vapor cell and laser-cooled atoms. A cw probe laser beam monitored the cesium ${6S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{6P}_{3/2}$ transition while another cw laser coupled the 6P3/2{6P}_{3/2}6P3/2​ state to a higher excited state. The ratio of the observed Rabi frequencies for coupling to the ${6P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(11--{13)D}_{3/2,5/2}$ transitions agreed closely with that predicted using the transition oscillator strengths. A comparison of the EIT signals obtained using cold atoms and the vapor cell is made.
A measurement of the Stark-induced amplitudes \ensuremath{\alpha} and \ensuremath{\beta} for the 6P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​ transition in atomic thallium is reported. Absorption of cw laser light tuned to this transition at 293 nm was compared to absorption of 378-nm cw laser light tuned to the allowed 6P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7S1/2{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}S1/2​ transition. The absorption sample was an intense atomic beam in the presence of a strong electric field. The measured values are \ensuremath{\alpha}=2.01(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$ ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$/ (V/cm) and \ensuremath{\beta}=1.67(4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$/ (V/cm), where ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$ is the Bohr magneton. These results are in agreement with semiempirical theory, but disagree with previous measurements of these amplitudes in this laboratory. A critical analysis of the previous measurement is given to explain the discrepancy. The newly measured value of \ensuremath{\beta} makes it necessary to reinterpret previous measurements of parity nonconservation in the 6P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​ transition. In the course of the present experiment, Stark shifts of the 6P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​ and 6P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7S1/2{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}S1/2​ transitions were also measured: \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(6P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7S1/2{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}S1/2​)=-112(6) kHz/(kV/cm)2{)}^{2})2 and \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(6P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7P1/2{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}P1/2​)=-618(31) kHz/(kV/cm)2{)}^{2})2. These results are also in good agrement with semiempirical theory.
Abstract This tutorial introduces the theoretical and experimental basics of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in thermal alkali vapors. We first give a brief phenomenological description of EIT in simple three-level systems of stationary atoms and derive analytical expressions for optical absorption and dispersion under EIT conditions. Then we focus on how the thermal motion of atoms affects various parameters of the EIT system. Specifically, we analyze the Doppler broadening of optical transitions, ballistic versus diffusive atomic motion in a limited-volume interaction region, and collisional depopulation and decoherence. Finally, we discuss the common trade-offs important for optimizing an EIT experiment and give a brief ‘walk-through’ of a typical EIT experimental setup. We conclude with a brief overview of current and potential EIT applications.
Multiphoton electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) of atomic vapors involves several intermediate atomic levels. The substructure of these levels and their collisional interactions can drastically alter experimental EIT signals. Here we report on hyperfine structure and collision effects in three-photon Rydberg EIT on the cascade $5{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}5{P}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{D}_{3/2}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}25{F}_{5/2}$ in a room-temperature 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb vapor cell. In our measurements of EIT spectra, we identify two types of EIT signatures that correspond with distinct excitation pathways and atomic velocity classes in the atomic vapor. The 5D3/25{D}_{3/2}5D3/2​ hyperfine structure and Autler-Townes splittings lead to complex patterns in the EIT spectra, which we analyze with the aid of 10-level EIT simulations. Adding 50 mTorr of Ar gas alters the EIT spectra and induces an additional, third EIT mode. Based on our simulation results, we attribute these changes to hyperfine collisions in the Rb 5D3/25{D}_{3/2}5D3/2​ level. Our study may become useful in quantum technologies involving Rydberg EIT and hyperfine collisions in vapor cells, including noninvasive spatiotemporally resolved electric-field sensing of electric fields in low-pressure plasmas.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) was studied in a heated vapor cell of potassium without buffer gas or anti-relaxation coating. Transparency windows 60 times narrower than the natural line width and group indices exceeding 6000 were generated using a simple optical setup with a single free-running laser and an acousto-optic modulator. A longitudinal magnetic field was used to split the EIT feature into three components for either lin⊥\perp⊥lin or lin∥\parallel∥lin polarizations of probe and coupling beams. Measurements of polarization rotation revealed that only the lin∥\parallel∥lin configuration leads to circular birefringence, an effect which we attribute to quantum interference between the multiple Λ\LambdaΛ-type subsystems contributing to the signal. The Verdet constant of the EIT medium was measured to be (5.8±0.3)×104(5.8\pm 0.3)\times 10^4(5.8±0.3)×104 rad/T/m, and a novel measurement of group index for circular polarization based on birefringence was demonstrated. For larger fields, where the individual peaks were well resolved, resonant polarization rotations of (210±10)(210\pm10)(210±10) mrad/MHz were observed.
Studies on Electromagnetically Induced Transparency in Λ\LambdaΛ-systems in 87Rb^{87}Rb87Rb atom
We have investigated electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in two different Λ\LambdaΛ-systems in 87Rb^{87}Rb87Rb atom in D2D_{2}D2​ line transitions. It is found that observed EIT signals in both the systems (A) (∣52S1/2F=1⟩→∣52P3/2F′=1⟩←∣52S1/2F=2⟩|5^{2}S_{1/2} F=1\rangle \rightarrow |5^{2}P_{3/2} F'=1\rangle \leftarrow |5^{2}S_{1/2} F=2\rangle∣52S1/2​F=1⟩→∣52P3/2​F′=1⟩←∣52S1/2​F=2⟩) and (B) (∣52S1/2F=1⟩→∣52P3/2F′=2⟩←∣52S1/2F=2⟩|5^{2}S_{1/2} F=1\rangle \rightarrow |5^{2}P_{3/2} F'=2\rangle \leftarrow |5^{2}S_{1/2} F=2\rangle∣52S1/2​F=1⟩→∣52P3/2​F′=2⟩←∣52S1/2​F=2⟩) have different strength and lineshape which are dependent on coupling beam power. For a given coupling beam power, the EIT signal with Λ\LambdaΛ-system (B) has more symmetric lineshape and greater strength than that obtained with system (A). The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with the results of a six-level theoretical model. We have further investigated EIT in both these Λ\LambdaΛ-systems in presence of applied longitudinal magnetic field and observed that separation between Zeeman split-EIT peaks increased linearly with the strength of the magnetic field. At a fixed value of applied magnetic field, the strength of Zeeman split-EIT peaks in both the Λ\LambdaΛ-systems increases with increase in coupling beam power. In presence of magnetic field and at higher coupling power, the observed EIT signals (central peaks) have higher slope than that of signals obtained in absence of magnetic field. These studies establish that Λ\LambdaΛ-system (B) is more useful than Λ\LambdaΛ-system (A) from applications point of view.