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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Effects Of Propagation, Transverse Mode Coupling, Diffraction, And Fluctuations On Superfluorescence Evolution

Farrès P. Mattar

Published Dec 30, 1981• 1 citation

Abstract

Using proven computational methods developed to efficiently treat transverse and longitudinal dynamic reshaping associated with single-stream propagation effects in cooperative light-matter interactions, a realistic superfluorescence (SF) theory was constructed in close collaboration with experimentalists. A semi-classical model based on the Maxwell-Bloch equa-tions (which rigorously encompasses diffraction, transverse density variations and inhomoge-neous broadening) is used. Furthermore, the medium initiation is stimulated by a coherent pulse of an area θ0 which varies radially, propagates along the rod axis and tips the indi-vidual Bloch vectors over an angle θ0 from its upright position. This effective initiation is treated in using either (a) an homogeneous average tipping angle or (b) instantaneous longitudinal and transverse fluctuations. The Cs datas are correctly simulated for the first time.* Important remark At this time, I wish to express my appreciation and give credit to Gibbs, McCall and Feld for their many contributions in the form of numerous relevant discussions, preparatory ana-lytical work and help in selecting details of realistic models based on their close contact with laboratory results. In addition, Dr Gibbs' participation in carrying the calculations accelerated the rate of progress in my research. Let me take this occasion to thank Dr. Gibbs, Dr. McCall and Dr. Feld for their energetic and enthousiastic collaboration.

DOI: 10.1117/12.932069

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Using proven computational methods developed to efficiently treat transverse and longitudinal dynamic reshaping associated with single-stream propagation effects in cooperative light-matter interactions, a realistic superfluorescence (SF) theory was constructed in close collaboration with experimentalists. A semi-classical model based on the Maxwell-Bloch equa-tions (which rigorously encompasses diffraction, transverse density variations and inhomoge-neous broadening) is used. Furthermore, the medium initiation is stimulated by a coherent pulse of an area θ0 which varies radially, propagates along the rod axis and tips the indi-vidual Bloch vectors over an angle θ0 from its upright position. This effective initiation is treated in using either (a) an homogeneous average tipping angle or (b) instantaneous longitudinal and transverse fluctuations. The Cs datas are correctly simulated for the first time.* Important remark At this time, I wish to express my appreciation and give credit to Gibbs, McCall and Feld for their many contributions in the form of numerous relevant discussions, preparatory ana-lytical work and help in selecting details of realistic models based on their close contact with laboratory results. In addition, Dr Gibbs' participation in carrying the calculations accelerated the rate of progress in my research. Let me take this occasion to thank Dr. Gibbs, Dr. McCall and Dr. Feld for their energetic and enthousiastic collaboration.

Recent work is reviewed where dynamic diffraction coupling is examined in Superfluorescence SF with use of a one-way semiclassical model in which diffraction and transverse density variations are rigorously included. The Cs data are correctly simulated for the first time in conjunction with both an average tipping angle and quantum fluctuation (either longitudinal or transverse) at the initiating stage. This comprehensive review also encompasses rigorously the effects of pump dynamics on the SF evolution. The terminology is unified. Specification of certain pump beam initial conditions at a given frequency results in specific SF characteristics at another frequency as recently observed in CH3F and Ba. Pump dynamics are studied in both the average value of the tipping angle and quantum fluctuation at the initiation stage.

Superfluorescence emission profiles are computed using one-way coupled Maxwell-Bloch equations. Transverse effects are included in the full three-spatial-dimension case as well as in the cylindrical-symmetry case. Initiating quantum fluctuations are approximated by a random polarization source with a completely random phase and root-mean-square tipping angle of

\frac{2}{\sqrt{N}}

, where

N

is the number of atoms in each volume element. These fluctuations reduce the tail of the output obtained with transverse effects alone. In fact, the fluctuations in output pulse shapes encompass the Cs data of Gibbs, Vrehen, and Hikspoors. The standard deviation for the delay time is found to be (12.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4)% for Fresnel number of 0.8 compared with the value (10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)% recently measured by Vrehen and der Weduwe, also for Cs. Inhomogeneous-broadening effects are also included in some simulations.

For a pencil-shaped extended medium with Fresnel number equal to 1, we have quantum mechanically derived a description of the initiation of superfluorescence in terms of Maxwell-Bloch equations with a fluctuating source due to the zero-point fluctuations of the vacuum field. By the introduction of classical behavior, these equations are extended to include nonlinear behavior due to decreasing atomic inversion. The principal assumption in the derivation is that the main features of superfluorescence are governed by the interaction of atoms with field modes inside two small solid angles around the pencil axis. The delay ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{D}$, defined as the time at which the mean-squared tipping angle of the collective Bloch vector attains the value 1, turns out to be given by ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{D}=(\frac{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}}{4}){[\mathrm{ln}{(2\ensuremath{\pi}N)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}^{2}$, where ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{R}$ is the radiation time for collective decay and

N

is the number of atoms. The corresponding effective initial tipping angle roughly equals

\frac{2}{{(N)}^{\frac{1}{2}}}

. A Fokker-Planck equation is derived to describe the statistics of the initial development of the tipping angle. The variance $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{D}$ of the delay of the superfluorescence pulse satisfies approximately $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{D}=\frac{2.3}{\mathrm{ln}N}$. A brief comparison with previous treatments of superfluorescence is given.

This paper is devoted to understanding the temporal synchronization of the two-color superfluorescence output powers. Following McCall and Feld et al., the monochromatic superfluorescence can be described in terms of a semi-classical propagational model that shares the same equations as Self-Induced Transparency (SIT). Thus it became important to understand double SIT that was discovered by McCall and Hahn (MH) to correctly interpret co-propagating beams with coherent exchange of energy and nonlinear phase evolution. A further motivation would be to elucidate pump and Stokes synchronization as well as pump depletion effect on Stokes buildup in Raman forward amplifier. In this work, we describe how the diffraction affects the longitudinal and transverse reshaping associated affects the simultaneous resonant propagation of two different-wavelength optical pulses in a three-level medium. The pulse lengths are shorter than any of the relaxation times, thus, the interaction is coherent. The material response has an inertial characteristic, which precludes its description with two instantaneous susceptibilities, and requires instead the density matrix formulism. A semi-classical formulism, as introduced by Konopnicki and Eberly (KE), is adopted in which two paraxial Maxwell field equations are closely intertwined in the generalized three-level Bloch equations.

A model is presented for the dynamical evolution of superfluorescence from an optically pumped three-level system. The full propagation, transverse, and diffraction effects are taken into account. With the use of a previously developed algorithm, a computational simulation was constructed from this model and results are presented and discussed. In particular, it is shown that the injected coherent pump-pulse initial characteristics, such as on-axis area, temporal and radial width and shape, can have significant deterministic effects on the superfluorescent pulse delay time, peak intensity, temporal width, and shape. Thus, by specifying certain initial properties of the injected pump pulse, the superfluorescent pulse can be shaped and altered. The results predict the conditions under which an injected light pulse of a given frequency can be used to generate, shape, and control a second light pulse of a different frequency via a nonlinear medium, thus demonstrating a new aspect of the phenomenon of light control by light.