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Physical Review Letters

Cs-Based Frequency Measurement of a Single, Trapped Ion Transition in the Visible Region of the Spectrum

J. E. Bernard, Alan A. Madej, L. Marmet, Bradley G. Whitford, Klaus J. Siemsen, S. Cundy

Published Apr 19, 1999• 128 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An optical frequency chain referenced to a Cs atomic clock has been used to measure directly the frequency of the electric quadrupole allowed $5s^{2}S_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}4d^{2}D_{5/2}$ transition at 445 THz in a single, trapped, and laser cooled ${}^{88}{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}$ ion. A transition frequency, ${f}_{S\ensuremath{-}D}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}444779044095.4\mathrm{kHz}$ with an estimated standard uncertainty of 0.2 kHz has been determined. Intrinsic offsets of the probed ion transition in the current experiment are calculated to be at the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ level.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.82.3228

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An optical frequency chain referenced to a Cs atomic clock has been used to measure directly the frequency of the electric quadrupole allowed 5s2S1/2\ensuremath−4d2D5/25s^{2}S_{1/2}\ensuremath{-}4d^{2}D_{5/2}5s2S1/2​\ensuremath−4d2D5/2​ transition at 445 THz in a single, trapped, and laser cooled 88Sr+{}^{88}{\mathrm{Sr}}^{+}88Sr+ ion. A transition frequency, fS\ensuremath−D=444779044095.4kHz{f}_{S\ensuremath{-}D}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}444779044095.4\mathrm{kHz}fS\ensuremath−D​=444779044095.4kHz with an estimated standard uncertainty of 0.2 kHz has been determined. Intrinsic offsets of the probed ion transition in the current experiment are calculated to be at the 10\ensuremath−15{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}10\ensuremath−15 level.
The frequency of the 5s 2S(1/2)-4d 2D(5/2) electric quadrupole clock transition in a single, trapped, laser-cooled 88Sr+ ion has been measured by using an optical frequency comb referenced to a cesium fountain primary frequency standard. The frequency of the transition is measured as 444,779,044,095,484.6 (1.5) hertz, with a fractional uncertainty within a factor of 3 of that of the cesium standard. Improvements required to obtain a cesium-limited frequency measurement are described and are expected to lead to a 88Sr+ optical clock with stability and reproducibility exceeding that of the primary cesium standard.
We describe experimental investigations on an optical frequency standard based on a single laser cooled 171Yb+ ion confined in a radiofrequency Paul trap. The 435.5 nm electric-quadrupole transition from the 2S1/2(F=0) groudn state to the 2D3/2(F=2) state is probed using a diode laser system whose short-term frequency stability is derived from an environmentally isolated ULE cavity. The transition is resolved with a Foruier-limited full halfwidth of approximately 30 Hz. The absolute optical transition frequency is determined using a femtosecond frequency comb generator and a Cs fountain clock as the frequency reference. The measured frequency value is 688 358 979 321 Hz at an ambient blackbody radiation field of 300 K. The 1σ fractional uncertainty of this frequency measurement is 1×10-14.
Abstract —We are proceeding with a development of an optical frequency standard using a 2 S 1/2 – 2 D 5/2 electric quadrupole transition of Ca + ions in a small radio-frequency trap. We have theoretically confirmed that an uncertainty of <1 x 10 -15 is attainable in measurement of the 2 S 1/2 – 2 D 5/2 transition frequency. Experimentally, we have developed stable laser-diode systems and observed the quantum jump of single 40 Ca + ions to the 2 D 5/2 state. I. I NTRODUCTION The uncertainty of primary frequency standards using Cs atoms reaches around 10 -15 and the inherent limits involved in them are discussed. On the other hand, frequency standards using new materials and methods are proposed for developing more accurate frequency standards. Recently, several groups have measured frequencies of the ionic forbidden transitions in the optical region to apply them to the clock transitions of optical frequency standards [1]. We now proceeds with study on an optical frequency standard using single Ca
The quadrupole moment of the 4d (2)D(5/2) level in 88Sr+ has been measured to be 2.6(3)ea(2)(0), where a(0) is the Bohr radius and e the elementary charge. A single laser-cooled strontium ion was confined in an end cap trap with a variable dc quadrupole potential, and measurements were made on the 5s (2)S(1/2)-4d (2)D(5/2) transition at 674 nm using a femtosecond optical frequency comb. This work shows that measurements of the unperturbed 88Sr+ transition frequency with sub-Hz uncertainty are possible and is important in understanding the reproducibility of ion trap optical frequency standards.
We report experimental investigations of a single-ion optical frequency standard based on 171Yb+{^{171}\text{Y}\text{b}}^{+}171Yb+. The ion is confined in a cylindrically symmetric radiofrequency Paul trap. The reference transition is the ${^{2}S}_{1/2}(F=0)--{^{2}D}_{3/2}({F}^{\ensuremath{'}}=2)$ electric quadrupole transition at 688 THz. Using a differential measurement scheme, we determine the shift of the reference transition frequency that occurs due to the interaction of the electric quadrupole moment of the 2D3/2{^{2}D}_{3/2}2D3/2​ state with the gradient of the electrostatic stray field in the trap. We determine an upper limit for the instability of the quadrupole shift over times between 100 s to 20 h. We also observe the variations in the shift and in the applied stray-field compensation voltages that result from loading a new ion into the trap and during a subsequent storage period of 74 days. This information is utilized to measure the absolute frequency of the reference transition with an uncertainty that is a factor of 3 smaller than that of the previous measurement. Using a fiber laser based optical frequency comb generator and the cesium fountain clock CSF1 of PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt), the frequency at 300 K temperature is determined as $688\text{ }358\text{ }979\text{ }309\text{ }306.62\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.73\text{ }\text{Hz}$.