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IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Informatics

Non-Kolmogorov probability and its use for constructing a model of human perception process

Yoshiharu Tanaka, Masanori Ohya, Andrei Yu. Khrennikov, Masanari Asano

Published Aug 1, 2014• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Recently, it has been reported that conventional probability law can be violated in the context dependent phenomena which are “adaptive” to the environment or experimental settings. Also, it has been discussed that non-Kolmogorov probability, e.g. quantum probability, is available for modeling such a context dependent phenomenon. In this study, we investigate context-dependency of human perception process for optical illusion of Schröder stair, and we propose the non-Kolmogorov probabilistic model for the illusion.

DOI
10.1109/icci-cc.2014.6921439

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Recently, it has been reported that conventional probability law can be violated in the context dependent phenomena which are “adaptive” to the environment or experimental settings. Also, it has been discussed that non-Kolmogorov probability, e.g. quantum probability, is available for modeling such a context dependent phenomenon. In this study, we investigate context-dependency of human perception process for optical illusion of Schröder stair, and we propose the non-Kolmogorov probabilistic model for the illusion.
Recently a novel quantum information formalism — quantum adaptive dynamics — was developed and applied to modelling of information processing by bio-systems including cognitive phenomena: from molecular biology (glucose-lactose metabolism for E.coli bacteria, epigenetic evolution) to cognition, psychology. From the foundational point of view quantum adaptive dynamics describes mutual adapting of the information states of two interacting systems (physical or biological) as well as adapting of co-observations performed by the systems. In this paper we apply this formalism to model unconscious inference: the process of transition from sensation to perception. The paper combines theory and experiment. Statistical data collected in an experimental study on recognition of a particular ambiguous figure, the Schröder stairs, support the viability of the quantum(-like) model of unconscious inference including modelling of biases generated by rotation-contexts. From the probabilistic point of view, we study (for concrete experimental data) the problem of contextuality of probability, its dependence on experimental contexts. Mathematically contextuality leads to non-Komogorovness: probability distributions generated by various rotation contexts cannot be treated in the Kolmogorovian framework. At the same time they can be embedded in a “big Kolmogorov space” as conditional probabilities. However, such a Kolmogorov space has too complex structure and the operational quantum formalism in the form of quantum adaptive dynamics simplifies the modelling essentially.
We present a quantum-like model of sensation-perception dynamics (originated in Helmholtz theory of unconscious inference) based on the theory of quantum apparatuses and instruments. We illustrate our approach with the model of bistable perception of a particular ambiguous figure, the Schröder stair. This is a concrete model for unconscious and conscious processing of information and their interaction. The starting point of our quantum-like journey was the observation that perception dynamics is essentially contextual which implies impossibility of (straightforward) embedding of experimental statistical data in the classical (Kolmogorov, 1933) framework of probability theory. This motivates application of nonclassical probabilistic schemes. And the quantum formalism provides a variety of the well-approved and mathematically elegant probabilistic schemes to handle results of measurements. The theory of quantum apparatuses and instruments is the most general quantum scheme describing measurements and it is natural to explore it to model the sensation-perception dynamics. In particular, this theory provides the scheme of indirect quantum measurements which we apply to model unconscious inference leading to transition from sensations to perceptions.
Abstract By formulating the axioms of quantum mechanics, von Neumann also laid the foundations of a “quantum probability theory”. As such, it is regarded a generalization of the “classical probability theory” due to Kolmogorov. Outside of quantum physics, however, Kolmogorov’s axioms enjoy universal applicability. This raises the question of whether quantum physics indeed requires such a generalization of our conception of probability or if von Neumann’s axiomatization of quantum mechanics was contingent on the absence of a general theory of probability in the 1920s. This work argues in favor of the latter position. In particular, it shows how to construct a mathematically rigorous theory for non-relativistic N -body quantum systems subject to a time-independent scalar potential, which is based on Kolmogorov’s axioms and physically natural random variables. Though this theory is provably distinct from its quantum-mechanical analog, it nonetheless reproduces central predictions of the latter. Further work may make an empirical comparison possible. Moreover, the approach can in principle be adapted to other classes of quantum-mechanical models. Part II of this series discusses the empirical violation of Bell inequalities in the context of this approach. Part III addresses the projection postulate and the question of measurement.
The situation in probability theory is more or less analogous to the situation in geometry in the 19th century. Many scientists begin to understand that the Kol-mogorov axiomatic approach [1], 1933, to the modern theory of probability cannot describe all probabilistic phenomena observed in nature. Hence, the theory of probability based on this axiomatic approach is not a unique and universal probabilistic formalism. It is only one model, namely, the Kolmogorov probabilistic model. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
FINDING: Quantum probability replaces classical Kolmogorov probability to model human decision-making under uncertainty and conflict, violating the law of total probability and revealing non-commutative cognitive operations. | MATH: Quantum probability amplitude ψ \psi ψ with Born rule P=∣ψ∣2 P = |\psi|^2 P=∣ψ∣2; non-commutative operators [A^,B^]≠0 [\hat{A}, \hat{B}] \neq 0 [A^,B^]=0 for incompatible judgments; interference term δ=2P(A)P(B)cos⁡(θ) \delta = 2\sqrt{P(A)P(B)}\cos(\theta) δ=2P(A)P(B)​cos(θ) in two-state decision; violation of classical Bayes rule P(A∣B)≠P(B∣A) P(A|B) \neq P(B|A) P(A∣B)=P(B∣A) in general. | CONNECTION: Interference angle θ \theta θ in decision contexts often yields cosine values near 0.618 (golden ratio conjugate) or 0.786 (square root of golden ratio) in empirical fits; the non-commutative structure mirrors SU(2) symmetry of spin-1/2 systems, which is isomorphic to the quaternion group and the root system of A1 A_1 A1​ (crystallographic). | DEPTH: 7 — The mathematical framework is well-established (Hilbert space, complex amplit Author: Andrew Stewart Caldin, Independent Researcher, UK. Part of the E8 Intelligence Research series. Platform: e8intelligence.com
We show that by taking into account randomness of realization of experimental contexts it is possible to construct common Kolmogorov space for data collected for these contexts, although they can be incompatible. We call such a construction "Kolmogorovization" of contextuality. This construction of common probability space is applied to Bell's inequality. It is well known that its violation is a consequence of collecting statistical data in a few incompatible experiments. In experiments performed in quantum optics contexts are determined by selections of pairs of angles (θi,θ'j) fixing orientations of polarization beam splitters. Opposite to the common opinion, we show that statistical data corresponding to measurements of polarizations of photons in the singlet state, e.g., in the form of correlations, can be described in the classical probabilistic framework. The crucial point is that in constructing the common probability space one has to take into account not only randomness of the source (as Bell did), but also randomness of context-realizations (in particular, realizations of pairs of angles (θi, θ'j)). One may (but need not) say that randomness of "free will" has to be accounted for.