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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan

Time Evolution of High-l Stark States in Cold Rydberg Atoms

Limei Wang, Hao Zhang, Linjie Zhang, Yong Wang, Shanxia Bao, Changyong Li, Jianming Zhao, Suotang Jia

Published Oct 27, 2014• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

The high-l Rydberg Stark states are populated by the state transfer from initial prepared nS Rydberg state via avoided crossings induced by a weak electric-field pulse, and investigated by the state selective field ionization method in a cesium standard magneto-optical trap. The dependences of the transfer rate, given by the ratio of the number of high-l Stark states to all atoms, on the strength and holding time of electric-field pulse are investigated and compared with those with additional ions. The results show that the time evolution of high-l Stark states strongly depends on the electric-field strength, and is affected by the additional ions at relatively weaker field (1.51 V/cm here). The density of Rydberg atoms has a minor effect on the characteristic time of evolution process.

DOI
10.7566/jpsj.83.114301

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The high-l Rydberg Stark states are populated by the state transfer from initial prepared nS Rydberg state via avoided crossings induced by a weak electric-field pulse, and investigated by the state selective field ionization method in a cesium standard magneto-optical trap. The dependences of the transfer rate, given by the ratio of the number of high-l Stark states to all atoms, on the strength and holding time of electric-field pulse are investigated and compared with those with additional ions. The results show that the time evolution of high-l Stark states strongly depends on the electric-field strength, and is affected by the additional ions at relatively weaker field (1.51 V/cm here). The density of Rydberg atoms has a minor effect on the characteristic time of evolution process.
The Stark effect of ultra-cold Cs Rydberg atom is investigated in a magneto-optical trap, and the avoided crossing between nS state and (n-4) manifold is observed. The ion spectrum near the avoided crossing is obtained by using state-selective field pulse ionization technique. By changing the intensity of the applied electric field, we find that the relative intensities of two Stark states near the avoided crossing exchange obviously. Furthermore, state transfer from nS Rydberg state to high-l state due to the avoided crossing is also obtained.
State-mixing effect of ultracold nS cesium Rydberg atoms in an external electric field is investigated in a magneto-optical trap. Populated high-l Rydberg atoms due to the state-mixing through avoided crossings are measured with a state-selective field ionization technique. The measured transfer rates of high-l states increase with the electric field and get to the maximum at the field of about 3.0 V/cm for 49S1/2 Rydberg state, and show decrease behavior when the electric field increases further. The decrease behavior of the transfer rate is explained with the slower m-mixing effect caused by decreasing dipole–dipole interactions between high-l Rydberg atoms. During the m-mixing process the ultracold plasma is formed by the Penning ionization.
The lll-mixing effect and state-transfer induced by an external electric field pulse in ultracold Rydberg gases are observed with cesium atoms excited to nS\mathit{nS}nS states, and measured with a state selective field ionization technique. High-lll states are populated from the initially excited nS\mathit{nS}nS states due to non-adiabatic transitions through avoided crossings that are formed between the nS\mathit{nS}nS state and the ($n\ensuremath{-}4$) manifold. The population of the product state is investigated as a function of the electric field pulse parameters. The coherent property of the transfer is demonstrated using a 2-pulse sequence and the results are consistent with the theoretical calculations. This lll-mixing phenomenon in the electric field may be used to help forming a molecular potential and create Rydberg molecules.
The state transfer of nS Rydberg atoms induced by external pulsed electric field has been investigated. Cold nS Rydberg atoms are prepared by the two-photon transition and the selective field-ionization method is used to detect the Rydberg atoms and "P" state due to the state mixing. The avoided crossing of nS and (n-4) manifold is studied and the dependence of the state transfer rate on the strength of pulsed field is obtained. Experimental result is interpreted by using Stark effect of electric field and it shows consistency between experiment and calculation.
Rydberg atoms, i.e. atoms with one or more highly excited electrons, show exaggerated properties compared to ground state atoms. For example, their energy levels are very sensitive to external electric fields (Stark effect) and they exhibit strong interatomic interactions, which can lead to a suppression of excitation known as the Rydberg blockade. The latter property makes Rydberg atoms promising candidates for quantum simulation and quantum computing. This work describes the direct observation of the excitation blockade for highly Stark-shifted Rydberg atoms induced by controllable dipole-dipole interactions. We investigate the electric field region around and above the classical ionization threshold, which is typically not considered suitable for blockade experiments. We excite Rydberg atoms in the energy region corresponding to the unperturbed 43S1/2 state at electric fields around 127V/cm out of a magneto-optically trapped cloud of 87Rb atoms with a temperature of 150 μK. We tune the dipole-dipole interaction by the applied electric field thus changing the electric dipole moment of the excited state. The position of the Rydberg atoms is detected by ionization and subsequent ion imaging; the controlled ionization of the atoms is achieved by adiabatic transfer of the Rydberg state to an ionizing state. For the spatially resolved detection of the atoms, a high resolution ion microscope for cold atoms has been developed and experimentally characterized. It features a maximum magnification of 1000 and sub-micrometer spatial resolution. A theoretical treatment of highly Stark-shifted Rydberg states is developed introducing a complex absorbing potential. It is capable of predicting the ionization rates of the Rydberg states for a wide range of electric fields and energies with only one free parameter. Together with the numerical calculations, measurements of the ionization spectra for different Rydberg states are presented. The 43S1/2 state is measured in an electric-field range from 125V/cm to 165V/cm (classical ionization limit 127V/cm), the 70S1/2 state in an electric-field range from 15V/cm to 35V/cm (classical ionization limit 16.1V/cm) and the 100S1/2 state in an electric-field range from 7V/cm to 19V/cm (classical ionization limit 3.7V/cm). Our results show an intricate energy level structure with broad, strongly ionizing states as well as sharp, nearly non-ionizing states. The numerical calculations are also used for the prediction of selective field ionization spectra and the results are used to identify Förster resonances in the Stark spectrum of the 45D5/2 state. Complementary to the spatially resolved measurements in high electric fields, the Rydberg blockade effect is also observed via the excitation number statistics at Förster resonances.
Ultracold cesium n S ( n =60–70) Rydberg atoms are prepared using the two-photon scheme in a magneto-optical trap (MOT). The number of resonant Rydberg atoms is measured by the pulsed field ionization technique, and the dependences of the Rydberg signal on excitation duration and external DC electric field are investigated. The excitation dynamics and blockade effects due to long-range interactions are obtained. The effect of external electric field on Rydberg excitation is also investigated, and the experimental result shows an enhanced blockade with a weak external electric field.