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Physical Review A

Quantum system driven by rapidly varying periodic perturbation

Tasko P. Grozdanov, M. J. Raković

Published Aug 1, 1988• 65 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A quantum system driven by a high-frequency periodic perturbation is studied. By using the asymptotic expansions in terms of inverse powers of the driving frequency, a class of unitary time-dependent canonical transformations is defined which renders the transformed Hamiltonians time independent. One representative of those Hamiltonians is the quasienergy operator, which is explicitly derived up to the fourth order. The classical limit of the theory and the possibility of separating the mean-motion Hamiltonian is discussed. It is shown that this separation can consistently be carried out to higher orders only in the case of a uniform external force. The application of the method to unperturbed systems with regular confining and singular potentials is discussed by considering the examples of harmonic oscillator, particle in the double-well potential, and particle in the Coulomb potential.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.38.1739

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Physica Scripta•Sep 7, 2021•0 citations
A quantum system driven by a high-frequency periodic perturbation is studied. By using the asymptotic expansions in terms of inverse powers of the driving frequency, a class of unitary time-dependent canonical transformations is defined which renders the transformed Hamiltonians time independent. One representative of those Hamiltonians is the quasienergy operator, which is explicitly derived up to the fourth order. The classical limit of the theory and the possibility of separating the mean-motion Hamiltonian is discussed. It is shown that this separation can consistently be carried out to higher orders only in the case of a uniform external force. The application of the method to unperturbed systems with regular confining and singular potentials is discussed by considering the examples of harmonic oscillator, particle in the double-well potential, and particle in the Coulomb potential.
The dynamics of classical and quantum systems, which are driven by a high-frequency $(\ensuremath{\omega})$ field, is investigated. For classical systems, the motion is separated into a slow part and a fast part. The motion for the slow part is computed perturbatively in powers of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to the order ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}4},$ and the corresponding time independent Hamiltonian is calculated. Such an effective Hamiltonian for the corresponding quantum problem is computed to the order ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ in a high-frequency expansion. Its spectrum is the quasienergy spectrum of the time dependent quantum system. The classical limit of this effective Hamiltonian is the classical effective time independent Hamiltonian. It is demonstrated that this effective Hamiltonian gives the exact quasienergies and quasienergy states of some simple examples, as well as the lowest resonance of a nontrivial model for an atom trap. The theory that is developed in this paper is useful for the analysis of atomic motion in atom traps of various shapes.
We derive a systematic high-frequency expansion for the effective Hamiltonian and the micromotion operator of periodically driven quantum systems.Our approach is based on the block diagonalization of the quasienergy operator in the extended Floquet Hilbert space by means of degenerate perturbation theory.The final results are equivalent to those obtained within a different approach (Rahav et al 2003 Phys.Rev. A 68 013820), (Goldman and Dalibard 2014 Phys.Rev. X 4 031027) and can also be related to the Floquet-Magnus expansion (Casas et al 2001 J. Phys.A 34 3379).We discuss that the dependence on the driving phase, which plagues the latter, can lead to artifactual symmetry breaking.The high-frequency approach is illustrated using the example of a periodically driven Hubbard model.Moreover, we discuss the nature of the approximation and its limitations for systems of many interacting particles.
Effective Schrödinger equations, governing the mean movement of a system influenced by fast oscillating external perturbation, are derived. The method represents a direct and straightforward quantum extension of the Kapitza’s approach provided in the Schrödinger picture. First-order terms (over inverse frequency of external driving) in effective Hamiltonians that cannot be eliminated by a unitary transformation, have been derived. Additional terms, in comparison with a standard equation, are similar to those found in the classical case and they may be responsible for a variety of new interesting effects.
A systematic way of treating a general time-dependent harmonic oscillator in classical and quantum mechanics is given. By a general canonical transformation in classical mechanics, the time-dependent Hamiltonian can be transformed to a time-independent one (the Lewis-Riesenfeld invariant), explicitly separating a total time-derivative term. In quantum mechanics, one can obtain the phase of the wave function straightforwardly from this total-derivative term, together with the corresponding time-independent Hamiltonian. We solve analytically and algebraically the general time-dependent harmonic oscillator driven by a time-dependent inverse cubic force as an example.
For a harmonic oscillator with time-dependent (positive) mass and frequency, a unitary operator is shown to transform the quantum states of the system to those of a harmonic oscillator system of unit mass and time-dependent frequency, as well as operators. For a driven harmonic oscillator, a unitary transformation which relates the driven system and a system of the same mass and frequency without a driving force is given, as a generalization of previous results, in terms of the solution of classical equation of motion of the driven system. Thus transformations give a simple way of finding exact wavefunctions of a driven harmonic oscillator system, provided the quantum states of the corresponding system of unit mass are given.
Abstract The work continues systematic applications of the method developed by Di Martino and Facchi (2015) for obtaining, for systems with variable boundary conditions, an equivalent Schrödinger equation with constant boundary conditions. From the resulting equation with rapidly varying terms, an effective equation is then derived for the averaged (slowly varying) wave functions. In this work, we obtain this effective equation for rapidly driven systems in the interaction picture (in first order in reverse frequency of external driving). This is the most suitable picture for systems with external driving. As an example, an extended two-state fast driven system is considered. As a second example, we consider the one-dimensional motion of a particle in a potential box with high-frequency oscillations of its width. Oscillations of width lead to additional terms in the effective equation proportional not only to the second derivative of the potential, but to the first derivative as well. In the case of width oscillations, compared to the oscillations of the box as a whole, the changes are even more significant. In our examples, phenomena such as slow averaged oscillations, resonance, the appearance of volcano potentials are observed, as is often the case in driven systems.