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Physical Review A

Eavesdropping on secure deterministic communication with qubits through photon-number-splitting attacks

Song Lin, Qiaoyan Wen, Fei Gao, Fu-Chen Zhu

Published May 11, 2009• 24 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A collective photon-number-splitting attack strategy is proposed, which combines photon-number-splitting attack with an unambiguous set discrimination of quantum state. Verified by this attack strategy, it is shown that a two-way quantum secure direct communication protocol with qubits is insecure in real circumstance. Finally, we present a possible improved version of this kind of quantum secure direct communication protocol.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.79.054303

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A collective photon-number-splitting attack strategy is proposed, which combines photon-number-splitting attack with an unambiguous set discrimination of quantum state. Verified by this attack strategy, it is shown that a two-way quantum secure direct communication protocol with qubits is insecure in real circumstance. Finally, we present a possible improved version of this kind of quantum secure direct communication protocol.
An improved quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol is proposed in this paper. Blocks of entangled photon pairs are transmitted in two steps in which secret messages are transmitted directly. The single logical qubits and unitary operations under decoherence free subspaces are presented and the generalized Bell states are constructed which are immune to the collective noise. Two steps of qubit transmission are used in this protocol to guarantee the security of communication. The security of the protocol against various attacks are discussed.
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In this paper, we first re-examine the previous protocol of controlled quantum secure direct communication of Zhang et al.’s scheme, which was found insecure under two kinds of attacks, fake entangled particles attack and disentanglement attack. Then, by changing the party of the preparation of cluster states and using unitary operations, we present an improved protocol which can avoid these two kinds of attacks. Moreover, the protocol is proposed using the three-qubit partially entangled set of states. It is more efficient by only using three particles rather than four or even more to transmit one bit secret information. Given our using state is much easier to prepare for multiqubit states and our protocol needs less measurement resource, it makes this protocol more convenient from an applied point of view.
In a recent letter, a controlled bidirectional quantum secure direct communication protocol with cluster states was proposed. We analyzed the security of this protocol and found that it is insecure. In the original protocol, a dishonest controller can eavesdrop the secret messages exchanged between the users, and a dishonest user may achieve his communication goal without the permission of the controller. The corresponding two kinds of attack strategies are presented. Finally, we give a feasible improvement of this communication protocol.